APES Chapter 9 question n answers graded A+ 2023/2024

APES Chapter 9Dams and Salmon on the Klamath River - correct answer hydroelectric dams, in conjunction with the drainage of two large lakes at the river's source for agriculture, impeded the flow of water and prevented the natural migration of salmon to their breeding grounds; conflict over water use between farmers, fisherman, Native Americans, industry, etc. led to overuse and exploitation of this resource and massive fish kills (increased temperatures, disease, toxic algae); the dams are scheduled to be removed in 2020 distribution of water on Earth - correct answer 97% saltwater, 3% freshwater (1/4 underground, almost 3/4 frozen, remaining <1% accessible for human consumption) aquifer - correct answer small spaces found within permeable layers of rock and sediment where groundwater is located unconfined aquifer - correct answer porous rock covered by soil which water can easily flow in and out of; rapidly recharged by percolation of precipitation confined aquifer - correct answer aquifer surrounded by a layer of impermeable rock or clay that impedes water flow and causes water pressure to build up underground water table - correct answer uppermost level at which the water in a given area fully saturates the rock or soil groundwater recharge - correct answer the input proces by which water from precipitation percolates through the soil into an aquifer recharge area - correct answer opening at the surface of the otherwise impermeable layer covering a confined aquifer spring - correct answer source where water naturally percolates up to the ground surface; crucial to the organisms in freshwater aquatic biomes and can be used by humans for consumption artesian well - correct answer formed when a well is drilled into a confined aquifer and the natural pressure released causes water to rise toward the ground surface (often without any need for pumps) Ogallala aquifer - correct answer largest aquifer in the United States, covering the Great Plains; its rate of recharge is not keeping pace with the rate of water withdrawal = unsustainable cone of depression - correct answer an area where there is no longer any groundwater, caused by the rapid pumping of a deep well which causes adjacent, shallower ones to go dry as the water table lowers saltwater intrusion - correct answer rapid pumping of wells drilled in aquifers along a coastline can lower the water table, which reduces water pressure and allows nearby saltwater to infiltrate the aquifer and contaminate it with salt floodplain - correct answer land adjacent to the river that receives deposits of nutrient-rich sediment from seasonal floodwaters, making the soil fertile oligotrophic lake - correct answer lake with low productivity due to low amounts of nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen mesotrophic lake - correct answer lake with a moderate level of productivity eutrophic lake - correct answer lake with a high level of primary productivity impermeable surfaces - correct answer pavement or buildings that do not allow water penetration, typically found in urban and suburban areas (anthropogenic contribution to flooding) levee - correct answer enlarged bank built up on each side of the river to prevent flooding (PROS: flood protection, enables development. CONS: no sediment deposition on floodplains; sediment settling downstream, clogging estuary; forces floodwater to different location downstream; can collapse under pressure or overflow/erode)