UCSC Biol100 Biochemistry Study Guide – Q&A
Phosphofructokinase ✔️Ans - Enzyme which catalyzes the reaction of
fructose-6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-biphosphate
Isomers ✔️Ans - compounds with the same molecular formula but different
structures
Name the 3 enzyme that regulate glycolysis & indicate what reactions they
catalyze ✔️Ans - Hexokinase catalyzes conversion of glucose to glucose-6-
phosphate. Phosphofructokinase catalyzes conversion of fructose-6-
phosphate to fructose-1,6-biphosphate. Pyruvate Kinase catalyzes conversion
of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate.
Pepsinogen ✔️Ans - Protease that breaks down food in stomachs; Activated
by HCl to become pepsin is secreted by specialized cellls in the stomach
Stereoisomers ✔️Ans - isomers connected in the same order but have a
different spatial arrangement
How are the 3 enzymes regulated by glycolysis regulated? ✔️Ans -
Hexokinase is inhibited by its own product, glucose-6-phosphate.
Phosphofructokinase is inhibited by ATP but activated by fructose-2,-
biphosphate and by AMP. Pyruvate kinase inihibted by ATP but activated by
fructose-1,6-biphsphate and dephosphorylation when glucose levels are high
(therefore also deactivated by phosphorylation when glucose levels are low).
Enteropeptidase ✔️Ans - A Protease located in the small intestine. Cleaves
Trypsinogen to create active trypsin. Secreted by Epithelial cells
Constitutional Isomers ✔️Ans - Isomers that differ in the order of attached
atoms
What is "trapping" glucose (1st step) ✔️Ans - the first reaction catalyzed by
hexokinase "traps" glucose inside of the cell because the plasma membrane
glucose transporters can only transport glucose-6-phosphate.
, Trypsinogen ✔️Ans - Inactive form of Trypsin cleaved by Enteropeptidase.
Cleaves peptide bonds between certain amino acids and breaks large
polypeptides into shorter chains.
Enantiomers ✔️Ans - Non-superimposable stereoisomers that are mirror
images of each other.
Net products per glucose ✔️Ans - 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 H2O
Chymotrypsinogen ✔️Ans - Inactive form of Chymotrypsin cleaved by
Trypsin. Cleaves peptide bonds between amino acids and breaks large
polypeptides into shorter chains.
Diastereoisomers ✔️Ans - isomers that are not mirror images
Why is fermentation useful with a 3-Carbon final product of glycolysis as a
substrate ✔️Ans - Fermentation allows NADH to be oxidized into NADH+,
this additional NADH+ allows more ATP to be generated in glycolysis
Procarboxypeptidase ✔️Ans - inactive form of carboxypeptidase cleaved by
trypsin. Secreted by pancrease and aminopeptidase, secreted by intestinal
epithelial cells. Cleave off one amino acid at a time from ends of peptide.
Epimers ✔️Ans - Diastereoisomers that differ at one of several asymmetric
carbon atoms
Two types of fermentation ✔️Ans - Lactic Acid Fermentation and
Alcoholic/ethanol fermentation
Prolipase ✔️Ans - Inactive form of lipase cleaved by trypsin. Convert
triacylglycerols into fatty acids and monoacylglycerols for absorption into the
intestine
Insulin Pathway (6 Steps) ✔️Ans - 1. RTK is dimerized
2. insulin binds to receptor which then cross phosphorylates
3. fully activated RTK activates IRS
4. IRS activated PI3K
5. Activated PI3K phosphorylates PIP2 to PIP3
6. PIP3 activates AKT
Phosphofructokinase ✔️Ans - Enzyme which catalyzes the reaction of
fructose-6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-biphosphate
Isomers ✔️Ans - compounds with the same molecular formula but different
structures
Name the 3 enzyme that regulate glycolysis & indicate what reactions they
catalyze ✔️Ans - Hexokinase catalyzes conversion of glucose to glucose-6-
phosphate. Phosphofructokinase catalyzes conversion of fructose-6-
phosphate to fructose-1,6-biphosphate. Pyruvate Kinase catalyzes conversion
of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate.
Pepsinogen ✔️Ans - Protease that breaks down food in stomachs; Activated
by HCl to become pepsin is secreted by specialized cellls in the stomach
Stereoisomers ✔️Ans - isomers connected in the same order but have a
different spatial arrangement
How are the 3 enzymes regulated by glycolysis regulated? ✔️Ans -
Hexokinase is inhibited by its own product, glucose-6-phosphate.
Phosphofructokinase is inhibited by ATP but activated by fructose-2,-
biphosphate and by AMP. Pyruvate kinase inihibted by ATP but activated by
fructose-1,6-biphsphate and dephosphorylation when glucose levels are high
(therefore also deactivated by phosphorylation when glucose levels are low).
Enteropeptidase ✔️Ans - A Protease located in the small intestine. Cleaves
Trypsinogen to create active trypsin. Secreted by Epithelial cells
Constitutional Isomers ✔️Ans - Isomers that differ in the order of attached
atoms
What is "trapping" glucose (1st step) ✔️Ans - the first reaction catalyzed by
hexokinase "traps" glucose inside of the cell because the plasma membrane
glucose transporters can only transport glucose-6-phosphate.
, Trypsinogen ✔️Ans - Inactive form of Trypsin cleaved by Enteropeptidase.
Cleaves peptide bonds between certain amino acids and breaks large
polypeptides into shorter chains.
Enantiomers ✔️Ans - Non-superimposable stereoisomers that are mirror
images of each other.
Net products per glucose ✔️Ans - 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 H2O
Chymotrypsinogen ✔️Ans - Inactive form of Chymotrypsin cleaved by
Trypsin. Cleaves peptide bonds between amino acids and breaks large
polypeptides into shorter chains.
Diastereoisomers ✔️Ans - isomers that are not mirror images
Why is fermentation useful with a 3-Carbon final product of glycolysis as a
substrate ✔️Ans - Fermentation allows NADH to be oxidized into NADH+,
this additional NADH+ allows more ATP to be generated in glycolysis
Procarboxypeptidase ✔️Ans - inactive form of carboxypeptidase cleaved by
trypsin. Secreted by pancrease and aminopeptidase, secreted by intestinal
epithelial cells. Cleave off one amino acid at a time from ends of peptide.
Epimers ✔️Ans - Diastereoisomers that differ at one of several asymmetric
carbon atoms
Two types of fermentation ✔️Ans - Lactic Acid Fermentation and
Alcoholic/ethanol fermentation
Prolipase ✔️Ans - Inactive form of lipase cleaved by trypsin. Convert
triacylglycerols into fatty acids and monoacylglycerols for absorption into the
intestine
Insulin Pathway (6 Steps) ✔️Ans - 1. RTK is dimerized
2. insulin binds to receptor which then cross phosphorylates
3. fully activated RTK activates IRS
4. IRS activated PI3K
5. Activated PI3K phosphorylates PIP2 to PIP3
6. PIP3 activates AKT
