Table of Contents
Chapter 01: Cellular Biology ...........................................................................................................................................................2
Chapter 02: Genes and Genetic Diseases .....................................................................................................................................9
Chapter 03: Epigenetics and Disease .......................................................................................................................................... 17
Chapter 04: Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology ...................................................................................................................... 21
Chapter 05: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases ............................................................................................................. 30
Chapter 06: Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing ....................................................................................... 38
Chapter 07: Adaptive Immunity .................................................................................................................................................. 48
Chapter 08: Infection and Defects in Mechanisms of Defense ............................................................................................. 53
Chapter 09: Stress and Disease .................................................................................................................................................... 62
Chapter 10: Biology, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment of Cancer .............................................................................. 66
Chapter 11: Cancer Epidemiology .............................................................................................................................................. 70
Chapter 12: Cancer in Children ................................................................................................................................................... 74
Chapter 13: Structure and Function of the Neurologic System ............................................................................................. 76
Chapter 14: Pain, Temperature, Sleep, and Sensory Function ............................................................................................... 85
Chapter 15: Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and MotorFunction ........................................ 94
Chapter 16: Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and theNeuromuscular Junction ................... 103
Chapter 17: Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children ............................................................................................... 113
Chapter 18: Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation ................................................................................................................ 120
Chapter 19: Alterations of Hormonal Regulation................................................................................................................... 128
Chapter 20: Structure and Function of the Hematologic System ........................................................................................ 139
Chapter 21: Alterations of Hematologic Function ................................................................................................................. 145
Chapter 22: Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children ............................................................................................ 158
Chapter 23: Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems ........................................................ 165
Chapter 24: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function.............................................................................................................. 174
Chapter 25: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children ........................................................................................ 191
Chapter 26: Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System............................................................................................ 196
Chapter 27: Alterations of Pulmonary Function..................................................................................................................... 204
Chapter 28: Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children ............................................................................................... 214
Chapter 29: Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems ........................................................................... 221
Chapter 30: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function ............................................................................................. 228
Chapter 31: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children ........................................................................ 234
Chapter 32: Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems ..................................................................................... 238
Chapter 33: Alterations of the Female Reproductive System ............................................................................................... 246
Chapter 34: Alterations of the Male Reproductive System ................................................................................................... 250
Chapter 35: Structure and Function of the Digestive System .............................................................................................. 254
Chapter 36: Alterations of Digestive Function ....................................................................................................................... 260
Chapter 37: Alterations of Digestive Function in Children .................................................................................................. 271
Chapter 38: Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System ................................................................................... 279
Chapter 39: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function ............................................................................................................ 285
Chapter 40: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children ...................................................................................... 294
Chapter 41: Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument ................................................................................... 298
Chapter 42: Alterations of the Integument in Children ......................................................................................................... 306
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, Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A student is observing a cell under the microscope. It is observed to have supercoiled DNAwith
histones. Which of the following would also be observed by the student?
a. A single circular chromosome
b. A nucleus
c. Free-floating nuclear material
d. No organelles
ANS: B
The cell described is a eukaryotic cell, so it has histones and a supercoiled DNA within itsnucleus;
thus, the nucleus should be observed. A single circular chromosome called a prokaryote contains
free-floating nuclear material but has no organelles.
REF: p. 2
2. A nurse is instructing the staff about cellular functions. Which cellular function is the nurse describing
when an isolated cell absorbs oxygen and uses it to transform nutrients to energy?
a. Metabolic absorption
b. Communication
c. Secretion
d. Respiration
ANS: D
The cell’s ability to absorb oxygen is referred to as respiration while its communication abilityinvolves
maintenance of a steady dynamic state, metabolic absorption provides nutrition, and secretion allows for
the synthesizing of new substances.
REF: p. 2
3. A eukaryotic cell is undergoing DNA replication. In which region of the cell would most ofthe genetic
information be contained?
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Nucleus Cytoplasm
ANS: C
The region of the cell that contains genetic material, including a large amount of ribonucleicacid, most
of the DNA, and DNA-binding proteins, is the nucleolus, which is located withinthe cell’s nucleus.
Mitochondria is associated with cellular respiration, while ribosomes are involved with protein
manufacturing. Cytoplasm is a fluid filling that is a component of the cell.
REF: p. 2
4. Which of the following can remove proteins attached to the cell’s bilayer by dissolving thelayer itself?
a. Peripheral membrane proteins
b. Integral membrane proteins
c. Glycoproteins
d. Cell adhesion molecules
ANS: B
Proteins directly attached to the membrane bilayer can be removed by the action of integralmembrane
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, proteins that dissolve the bilayer. Peripheral membrane proteins reside at the surface while cell
adhesion molecules are on the outside of the membrane. Glycoprotein marks cells and does not float.
REF: p. 7
5. Which of the following can bind to plasma membrane receptors?
a. Oxygen
b. Ribosomes
c. Amphipathic lipids
d. Ligands
ANS: D
Ligands are the only specific molecules that can bind with receptors on the cell membrane.
REF: p. 9
6. A nurse is reviewing a report from a patient with metastatic cancer. What alternation in the
extracellular matrix would support the diagnosis of metastatic cancer?
a. Decreased fibronectin
b. Increased collagen
c. Decreased elastin
d. Increased glycoproteins
ANS: A
Only a reduced amount of fibronectin is found in some types of cancerous cells, allowingthem to
travel or metastasize.
REF: p. 10
7. Which form of cell communication is used to relate to other cells in direct physical contact?
a. Cell junction
b. Gap junction
c. Desmosome
d. Tight junction
ANS: A
Cell junctions hold cells together and permit molecules to pass from cell to cell.
Gap junctions allow for cellular communication between cells. Neither desmosomes nor tightjunctions
are associated with cellular communication.
REF: p. 11
8. Pancreatic beta cells secrete insulin, which inhibits secretion of glucagon from neighboringalpha cells.
This action is an example of which of the following signaling types?
a. Paracrine
b. Autocrine
c. Neurohormonal
d. Hormonal
ANS: A
Paracrine signaling involves the release of local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up,destroyed, or
immobilized, as in the case of insulin and the inhibition of the secretion of glucagon. None of the other
options involve signaling that is associated with a local chemicalmediator like insulin.
REF: p. 12
9. In cellular metabolism, each enzyme has a high affinity for a:
a. solute.
b. substrate.
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, c. receptor.
d. ribosome.
ANS: B
Each enzyme has a high affinity for a substrate, a specific substance converted to a product ofthe
reaction. Cellular metabolism is not dependent on an attraction between an enzyme and any of the
remaining options.
REF: p. 16
10. An athlete runs a marathon, after which his muscles feel fatigued and unable to contract. The athlete asks
the nurse why this happened. The nurse’s response is based on the knowledge thatthe problem is result of
a deficiency of:
a. GTP
b. AMP
c. ATP
d. GMP
ANS: C
When ATP is deficient, impaired muscle contraction results. None of the other options areinvolved
in muscle contraction.
REF: p. 16
11. Which phase of catabolism produces the most ATP?
a. Digestion
b. Glycolysis
c. Oxidation
d. Citric acid cycle
ANS: D
While some ATP is produced during the oxidation and glycolysis phases, most of the ATP isgenerated
during the citric acid cycle. Digestion does not produce any ATP.
REF: p. 16
12. A nurse is teaching the staff about the phases of cellular catabolism. Which phases should thenurse
include?
a. Digestion, glycolysis, oxidation, and the citric acid cycle
b. Diffusion, osmosis, and mediated transport
c. S phase, G phase, and M phase
d. Metabolic absorption, respiration, and excretion
ANS: A
Only digestion, glycolysis, oxidation, and the citric acid cycle are the phases of cellularcatabolism.
REF: p. 16
13. A runner has depleted all the oxygen available for muscle energy. Which of the following willfacilitate his
continued muscle performance?
a. Electron-transport chain
b. Aerobic glycolysis
c. Anaerobic glycolysis
d. Oxidative phosphorylation
ANS: C
When no oxygen is available, anaerobic glycolysis occurs. The electron-transport chain is partof the citric
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