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Hole's Human Anatomy & Physiology Ch. 1-4 already graded A+ 2023/2024
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Hole's Human Anatomy & Physiology Ch. 1-4 already graded A+ 2023/2024
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Hole's Human Anatomy & Physiology ch.1-4
Atom - ANSSimplest level of the human body
Molecule - ANSTwo or more atoms compromise
Macromolecules - ANSLarge, biologically important molecules inside cells
Organelles - ANSAggregates of macromolecules used to carry out a specific function in the cell
Cells - ANSThe basic living unit
Tissues - ANSGroups of cells functioning together
Organs - ANSGroups of tissues
Organ systems - ANSGroups of organs that function together
Organism - ANSOrgan systems functioning together
Characteristics of life - ANSTraits shared by all organisms; movement, responsiveness, growth,
reproduction, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, and excretion
Metabolism - ANSThe characteristics of life constitute ______
Requirements of organisms - ANSWater, food, oxygen, heat, and pressure
Homestasis - ANSThe maintenance of a stable internal environment; many controls are
negative feedback mechanisms
Appendicular portion - ANSUpper/lower limbs
Axial portion - ANSHead, neck, and trunk portion
Dorsal cavity - ANSDivided into two areas; cranial/vertebral
Smaller cavities in head - ANSOral cavity, nasal cavity, orbital cavities, and middle ear cavities
Visceral pleura - ANSCovers the lungs
, Pericardial membranes - ANSSurrounds the heart
Integumentary system - ANSIncludes skin, hair, nails, and various glands, covers the body,
senses changes outside the body, and helps regulate body temperature
Skeletal system - ANSMade up of bones and ligaments
Muscular system - ANSConsists of the muscles that provide body movement, posture, and body
heat
Integration - ANSendocrine system; includes all of the glands that secrete hormones; helps to
integrate metabolic functions
Coordination - ANSThe nervous system; consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense
organs; integrates incoming information from receptors and sends impulses to muscles and
glands
Cardiovascular system - ANSMade up of the heart and blood vessels, distributes oxygen and
nutrients throughout the body while removing wastes from the cell
Lymphatic system - ANSConsists of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen;
drains excess tissue fluid and includes cells of immunity
Absorption - ANSDigestive system (made up of mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and
accessory organs; receives, breaks down, and absorbs nutrients)
Absorption - ANSRespiratory system (exchanges gasses between the blood and air and is
made up of the lungs and passageways)
Excretion - ANSUrinary system (consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra; removes
wastes from the blood and helps to maintain water and electrolyte balance)
Reproduction - ANSReproductive system produces new organisms
Male reproduction - ANSConsists of the tests, accessory organs, and vessels that conduct
sperm to the penis
Female reproduction - ANSConsists of ovaries, uterine tunes, uterus, vagina, and external
genitalia; houses the developing offspring (authoress note: a huge pain in my arse....>_>")
Anatomical terminology - ANSRelative positions
Relative positions - ANSTerm describing the location of one body part to another; superior,
inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, proximal, distal, superficial (peripheral,) and deep
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