Pathophysiology Exam 1 Questions & Answers 2023 -
from Morgan's
pathophysiology - Correct answer the study of functional or physiologic changes in the body that result from disease processes
homeostasis - Correct answer the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment regardless of the external environment
disease - Correct answer deviation from the normal state of homeostasis
Seven Steps to Health - Correct answer 1. be a nonsmoker and avoid second hand smoke
2. eat 5-10 servings of vegetables and fruits a day. choose high-fiber, lower fat foods. limit alcohol intake
3. physical activity on a regular basis
4. protection from the sun
5. follow cancer screening guidelines
6. doctor or dentist visit if any changes occur
7. follow health and safety guidelines at home and at work when using, storing, and disposing of hazardous materials
pathogenesis - Correct answer development of the disease
onset of disease - Correct answer - sudden/acute
- insiduous: gradual, vague, or mild symptoms
acute disease - Correct answer - short-term, develops quickly
- high fever, severe pain, etc
chronic disease - Correct answer - develops gradually
- milder symptoms, often intermitted with acute episodes
subclinical state - Correct answer pathologic changes, but no obvious manifestations
latent state - Correct answer - no symptoms or clinical signs evident
- incubation period
prodromal period - Correct answer - early development of the disease
- signs or nonspecific or absent
manifestations - Correct answer clinical evidence with signs and symptoms
local manifestations - Correct answer at site of the problem (redness/swelling)
P a g e 1 | 37 systemic manifestations - Correct answer general indicators of illness (fever)
signs - Correct answer objective indicators of disease
symptoms - Correct answer subjective feelings
lesions - Correct answer specific local change in the tissue
diagnostic tests - Correct answer - various laboratory tests
- appropriate to manifestations and medical history
mark the course/progress of a disease - Correct answer remissions and exacerbations
remission - Correct answer perod which manifestations subside
exacerbation - Correct answer a worsening of severity
precipitating factors - Correct answer condition that triggers an acut episode
complications - Correct answer new secondary or additional problems
therapy - Correct answer measures to promote recorvery/slow progress
sequelae - Correct answer potential unwanted outcomes
convalescene (rehabilitation) - Correct answer period of recovery and return to healthy state
prophylaxis - Correct answer a measure designed to preserve health (as an individual or society) and prevent the spread of disease
prognosis - Correct answer the probability or likelihood for recovery or other outcomes
morbidity - Correct answer disease rates within a group
mortality - Correct answer relative number of deaths resulting from a particular disease
atrophy - Correct answer decrease in the size of cells
atrophy results in... - Correct answer reduced tissue mass
hypertrophy - Correct answer increase in cell size
hypertropy results in... - Correct answer enlarged tissue mass
metaplasia - Correct answer mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
P a g e 2 | 37 dysplasia - Correct answer cells vary in size and shape within a tissue
anaplasia - Correct answer undifferentiated cells, with variable nuclear and cell structures
anaplasia is used for... - Correct answer measuring the aggressiveness of a tumor
anaplasia is seen most in what type of tumors - Correct answer malignant
neoplasia - Correct answer "new growth"
neoplasia is commly called... - Correct answer tumor
apoptosis - Correct answer programmed cell death
is apoptosis normal or abnormal? - Correct answer normal occurence in the body
ischemia - Correct answer deficit of oxygen int he cells
ischemia is due to... - Correct answer a circulatory obstruction
hypoxia - Correct answer - reduced oxygen in tissues
- nutritional deficits
physical injury - Correct answer - excessive heat or cold
- radiation exposure
necrosis - Correct answer death of cells causing further damage due to cellular disintergration
liquefaction necrosis - Correct answer dead cells liquefy because of release of cell enzymes
coagulative necrosis - Correct answer cell proteins are altered or denatured -- coagulation
fat necrosis - Correct answer fatty tissue broken down into fatty acids
caseous necrosis - Correct answer form of coagulation necrosis in which a thick, yellowish, "cheesy" substance forms
infarction - Correct answer area of dead cells as a result of oxygen deprivation
P a g e 3 | 37 what happens to a tissue after infarction? - Correct answer it is eventually replaced either by tissue regenerated from nearby similar cells or connective tissue or scar tissue
that fills the gap
what is a common class example of infarction? - Correct answer heart attack; myocardial infarction; MI
- when part of the heart muscle is infarcted, or dies, that area can no longer contract to pump blood
what replaces myocardial cells after MI? - Correct answer scar tissue; myocardial cells do not undergo mitosis
gangrene - Correct answer area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria
what is gangrene so dangerous? - Correct answer if bacteria from gangrene enters the bloodstream, then septic shock could occur
how is gangrene treated? - Correct answer surgical removal (amputation) of infected body part
the most abundant component of body fluid and percentage of total body mass - Correct
answer water; 45-60%
who averages with less body water and why? - Correct answer women and obese people; adipose tissue does not hold water
newborns are ___% water - Correct answer 75
intracellular fluid - Correct answer fluid found inside the cells
intracellular fluid percentage of total body fluid - Correct answer 2/3
extracellular fluid - Correct answer fluid found outside the cells
extracellular fluid percentage of total body water - Correct answer 1/3
2 types of extracellular fluid - Correct answer interstitial fluid & plasma
interstital fluid percentage of ECF - Correct answer 80%
plasma percentage of ECF - Correct answer 20%
edema - Correct answer escessive amount of fluid in the interstitial compartment
4 causes of edema - Correct answer 1. increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
2. loss of plasma proteins (albumin)
P a g e 4 | 37
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