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defence and vaccination against infection
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lecture notes covering: who should be vaccinated, immunity to vaccination, types of vaccines, vaccine for prophylaxis, smallpox,, polio, hpv
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1Defence and vaccination against infection
Before covid-19
People still questioned the validity of vaccines
Marked increase in cases of measles – there were 991 in 2018 – due to the increase
in people not having the vaccine
Who should be vaccinated?
Risk of suffering with severe diseases
People who may infect others
People exposed to the disease
Age
Health status
Vaccine history
Special risk factors
Reactions
Cost
From immunity to vaccination
Inducing immunity by triggering the immune response
T-cells good at discriminating the different epitopes
The high specificity of T-Cells is something which comes at a cost – takes a long time
for immunity to kick in
Clonal selection and expansion
Essential feature
If the antigen fits the right match for the receptor the cell expands and duplicates –
leads to effector cells which makes antibodies and memory cells which are a
secondary response for if you encounter the same antigen
Primary response after vaccination leads to faster immune response after a natural
infection
Types of vaccines
Active – induces a state of immunological readiness – produces an immune response
Passive – don’t ask them to develop the immune response you give them the
effectors to give enhanced immunity
Can both be protective and limit the infection and disease
Benefits of vaccination
Protection of the person – protects from severe disease – need to understand the
pathology of the disease and what the disease effects and how the immune
response must be
Protection of the population – epidemiology, mode of transmission must be
understood
Passive vaccination
o Transfer specific antibodies
o Tetanus
o Rabies
o Snakebite
o Hepatitis B
Normal serum gammaglobulins – top up antibodies
Maternal antibodies – mothers to babies
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