contains notes on: neoplasia, non-hereditary and sporadic cancers, carcinoma in situ, tumour progression, classification, classification by behaviour, differentiation, clinical effects, tumour grading, cancer staging
General pathology of cancer
Definitions
Tumour – neoplasm – abnormal mass of cells
Cancer – malignant tumour or neoplasm – sustained proliferations, evades cell
death, genomic instability, evades host immunity
Cell cycle
Regulated cell growth
Growth and inhibition is regulated and cyclin dependent
4 phases
2 checkpoints
Most cells are in the transient phase except nerve and brain cells
Most can be induced into it by damage or injury
Only good quality DNA should be passed on as cell death is triggered if cells aren’t
good
Neoplasia
Four classes of normal regulatory genes
Any of these having a mutation can result in neoplasia
o Predisposition of cancer
o Inherited mutations
o Occurs in cells that can be passed on
o 5-10% arise out of this germline mutation
o Highly penetrant mutations
o BRCA1/2 – breast and ovarian cancers an example
10-15% cancers are familial – without clearly defined pattern of inheritance, gene-
environment interplay
80% sporadic
Non-hereditary or sporadic
Age
Environment
Personal/lifestyle
Chronic inflammatory conditions
Carcinogens
Cause genetic damage
Chemical
Radiation
Microorganisms and viruses
Chemical carcinogens
Can act directly
Metabolic activation for conversions unless they are direct acting
Primary target is DNA
Radiation and microbial agents
UV rays – skin cancers
HPV
Radiation carcinogenesis
UVB – induces cancers by the formation of parts on DNA
HPV
Vaccine for HPV 16 and 18 for cervical cancer
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