Laboratory notes on cell cycle. Subtopics include cell cycle arrest, cell division, cell division in prokaryotes, mitosis, and its stages, and comparison between mitosis and meiosis. Does not include phases of meiosis.
University of Santo Tomas
Faculty of Pharmacy, BS Pharmacy Batch 2027
PHA611: Pharmaceutical Botany with Taxonomy (Laboratory)
Exercise 5: Plant Cell Division • Gene (portion of genome/DNA; polymer of nucleotides)
replication
CELL CYCLE
• Chromatin synthesis
Cell cycle: stages of initiation, growth, and death
• Endoreduplication: repeated cycles of DNA replication
• Young embryonic plant: all cells divide
causes nucleus to enlarge
• Root tips and shoots: center of cell division
o Occurs in 80% of maturing plant cells
o Occurs in cells with rapid intense metabolism (e.g.
Factors affecting cell cycle
hair, glandular cells)
• Cell type
• Gene replication: endoreduplication but only for
• Plant type
specific genes
• Health
• Age G2 (second gap/gap 2) phase
• Term • Growth and preparation for mitosis
• Begins after chromatid replication; 3–5 hours
CELL CYCLE ARREST • Production of alpha and beta tubulins for microtubules
Cell cycle arrest: cells stop diving and enter an extended period o Spindle microtubules aid in moving organelles
of growth during cell division
• E.g. leaf cells grow as leaf expands; cortex cells o Production of proteins for chromosome processing
(stem/root) stop dividing before organ matures and nuclear membrane breakdown
CELL GROWTH
• Alma Howard and S.R. Pelc determined DNA synthesis
occurrence in interphase and designated G1, S, and G2
phases
Interphase
• Resting phase
• Not part of mitotic process
• Slowest phase
• Chromatin is undifferentiated
G1 (first gap/gap 1) phase
• Growth and rapid biosynthesis
• Longest part of cell cycle CELL DIVISION
• Start of production of nucleotides Karyokinesis: nuclear division
• Arrested cellular activities during mitosis are
reactivated Mitosis
• Cell enlarges • Occurs in all multicellular plants and animals to permit
• Organelles multiply growth of the organism
• Mitochondrion DNA and plastids increase • 2N, diploid, somatic cells
• Not applicable for sex cells/gametes
S (synthesis) phase • Duplication division
• Growth and DNA replication/synthesis
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LIANRPh
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