Biomolecules, the molecular building blocks of life, form the foundation of cellular structures and processes. In the realm of chemistry, they are the intricate compounds that drive the biological machinery. Proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates play pivotal roles, governing the archit...
• Carbohydrates:
Polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones or compounds on hydrolysis give
carbohydrates.
• Classification of carbohydrates:
Monosaccharides
a) Simplest carbohydrates
b) It cannot be hydrolysed into simpler compounds
c) Examples - Glucose, mannose
Oligosaccharides
a) Carbohydrates which gives 2 to 10 monosaccharide units on hydrolysis
b) Examples - Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose
Polysaccharides
a) Carbohydrates which on hydrolysis give large number of monosaccharide units.
b) Examples - Cellulose, starch
• Anomers:
Pair of optical isomers which differ in configuration only around C1 atom are called anomers.
Examples - α -D-glucopyranose and β -D-glucopyranose.
• Epimers:
Pair of optical isomers which differ in configurationaround any other C atom other than C1
atom are called epimers. E.g. D-glucose and D- mannose are C2 epimers.
• Preparation of glucose (also called dextrose, grape sugar):
a) From sucrose
+
C12 H 22O11 + H 2O →
H
C6 H12O6 + C6 H12O6
Sucrose Glu cos e Fructose
b) From starch
+
H /393 k ;2 −3 atm
(C12 H 22O5 )n + H 2O → nC6 H12O6
Sucrose Glu cos e
Or
Cellulose
• Structure of glucose
CHO − (CHOH ) 4 − CH 2OH
• Structure elucidation of glucose:
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g) D – glucose with (CH3CO)2O and ZnCl2
Glucose →
5( CH 3CO ) 2 O / ZnCl2
CHO − (CHOCOCH 3 ) 4 − CH 2OCOCH 3 + 5CH 3COOH → shows the presence of 5 -OH groups
Penta acetyl glucose
h) D – glucose with bromine water
CHO − (CHOH ) 4 − CH 2OH
Br2 water
→ COOH − (CHOH ) 4 − CH 2OH
Gluconic acid
i) Glucose with phenyl hydrazine to form osazone
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