CWAM Exam With Correct Answers

CWAM Exam What is a major advantage to sexual reproduction? - ANS Genetic variation What are the goals of reproductive management in captive facilities? - ANS Control genetics, genetic variation, successful reproduction Are there advantages to asexual reproduction? - ANS Less costly, less time involved, finding a mate, coordinating a mating event What are challenges to successful reproduction? - ANS Gamete creation, delivery, timing (egg and sperm same place same time), offspring development, (high energy cost), the eggs from the females are short lived so the delivery of the sperm to the female is very coordinated and synchronized, repro rates are limited by # of females What is a gamete? - ANS A male or female reproductive cell What is an oocyte? - ANS An egg What is estrus? - ANS Heat What is a sperm cell? - ANS A male sex cell Why is seasonal breeding an advantage for some species? - ANS Good resources for the offspring and the female What are some potential triggers to seasonality? - ANS Rainfall, temp, chemical stimuli in environment, day length What is a zygote? - ANS A fertilized egg What is the function of GnRH? - ANS Males: signal release of LH and FSH (hypothalamus) Females: signal release of LH and FSH (hypothalamus) What is the function of LH? - ANS Males: testosterone production (anterior pit. gland) Females: ovulation (egg releases from follicle) (anterior pit. gland) What is the function of FSH? - ANS Males: sperm development (anterior pit. gland) Females: follicle development (anterior pit. gland) What is the function of testosterone? - ANS Males: characteristics (testes) Females: libido (ovaries) What is the function of estrogen? - ANS Males: supports fertility (testes) Females: helps to bring female into estrus (ovaries) What is the function of progesterone? - ANS Females: blocks ovulation and supports pregnancy (CL) What is the function of prostaglandin? - ANS Females: reduces the CL to bring the female back into heat (uterus) What is needed for a hormone to act? - ANS Receptors in the target tissue, it's important because without them, the hormone can't act What's the difference between a spontaneous and an induced ovulator? - ANS Spontaneous: don't need a copulation event or a male to be present Induced: only ovulate if male is present What does polyestrous mean? - ANS More than one heat cycle per year What does monestrus mean? - ANS One or two heat periods per year What does seasonally polyestrous mean? - ANS Long and short day breeders, time constricted heat periods Why are courtship routines important and why did they develop? - ANS They know what to do when the offspring arrive, overcome aggression, synchronization of sexual and parental behavior How do social and environmental factors play a role in reproductive success? - ANS Environmental: food intake/nutrition, climate, amount and quality of space, human presence, stress Social: not getting attacked or not having a mate to breed to Why is it important to monitor a female's reproductive status? - ANS To know the right time to introduce her to another male, when she might be receptive to a male, to know whether or not she's pregnant What are ways to monitor a female's reproductive status? Which way is least invasive? - ANS Behavior, physical signs, vaginal smears, ultrasound, hormone measurement (blood, saliva, feces, urine) Feces/watching behavior and physical state How would assisted repro. technologies help with endangered species conservation? - ANS Control, helps to promote potential genetics that could be lost, move semen instead of the animal, hormonal treatment with females, ovulate more than one egg How would gamete cryopreservation be used in conservation? What are some challenges? - ANS You can save frozen sperm for years and it can still work Can't figure out how to effectively freeze semen, can't damage the integrity of the cells or they won't work, when they get thawed we don't know how to do it so there's no shock to the cells How could a skin cell become a gamete? - ANS You have to treat it to reprogram it (primordial germ cell then to egg/sperm cell) (stem cells can be anything) What is ICSI? - ANS Intracytoplasmic sperm injection What is in vitro fertilization? - ANS Taking eggs and sperm out of host and joining them outside, and putting them back into the mother What is electroejaculation? - ANS Electric current is used to get male to ejaculate (semen isn't very high quality) What are some examples of repro technologies? - ANS AI, embryo transfer, inducing ovulation, contraception (techniques) What's the difference between rescue and de-extinction? - ANS Rescue: some species still alive De-extinction: no living animals left, bringing it back How did repro technologies help the 4 non-ovulatory rhinos? - ANS Hormonal treatments (right ones at the right times) What is the big idea for how the Northern White rhino could be rescued? - ANS Take frozen tissues and get stem cells from them, treat them to become egg/sperm cells, develop embryo to a stage where it can be transferred into a surrogate What are the assisted repro technologies used in the NWR plan? - ANS Embryo transfer, in-vitro fertilization, etc. What is the Frozen Zoo concept? - ANS A collection of frozen semen from an array of different animals What is a stem cell? - ANS A cell that can become any type of cell in the body Why is there so much interest in stem cell research? - ANS They can become anything, so people with health issues (ex. cancer) can get stem cell treatments to provide more good cells to combat the bad ones What is the Founder effect? - ANS The genetics that start the variation in a population How can translocation be used as a genetic management tool? - ANS Taking individuals and introducing genetic variation to different populations What does Anthropocene mean? - ANS A term that's used to describe this geological time, humans are driving most of the change that's occurring right now Why does value of diversity matter in a population? - ANS If there's low quality genetics that are diverse, it doesn't allow animals to really evolve What is the extinction vortex? - ANS Smaller populations have more chance of inbreeding, there's most likely low genetic diversity, genetic drift can happen which makes the pop. even smaller, lower repro rates, lower survivability, all lead to extinction What is mean kinship? - ANS The relation to individual animals to others in the population How do you calculate mean kinship? - ANS Number of offspring alive What is population fragmentation? - ANS Genetic differentiation, population hasn't bred with each other, pop. is separated What is effective population size? - ANS # of successfully breeding individuals in a population What are the effects of low nE in a population? - ANS Population size goes down, genetic variation goes down, etc. What is polygyny? - ANS Many females with one male What is polyandry? - ANS One female with many males Oldest operating zoo? - ANS Vienna zoo What age do giant pandas reach sexual maturity? - ANS 4-6 years How many days a year can giant pandas reproduce? - ANS 1-2 days a year Are pandas monestrus or polyestrous? - ANS Monestrus What is the main way to detect pregnancy in giant pandas? - ANS Ultrasound and thermal imaging Where is the frozen zoo? - ANS San Diego What are sequencing methods? - ANS Micro satellites, full genome sequencing, mtDNA Pros and cons of capture method? - ANS Pro: more affordable, fast, many sites Cons: not all genomes very close Pros and cons of microsatellites? - ANS Pros: affordable Cons: personal time consuming Pros and cons of mtDNA? - ANS Pros: affordable Cons: only maternal lineage Pros and cons of full genome sequencing? - ANS Pros: full genome Cons: very expensive What are the standards for an animal sanctuary? - ANS Nonprofits, no commercial exploitation of animals, no breeding, maintain licenses, permits, and safety protocols, access to vet, humane euthanasia policy What are the major goals of an animal sanctuary? - ANS Provide animal with safe haven for life, proper care for animals, minimize stress in animals, education (sometimes) Which source of the energy from nutrients is the largest? - ANS Carbohydrates, they get broken down into 2 categories: structural ((hemi)cellulose, and lignin) and non-structural (sugars, starch, pectins and gums What is avian stem cell transfer? - ANS Capture germ cells that contribute to sperm and egg and grow into a model species. If a bird dies they'll collect the stem cells from the gonad and they are able to implant it in the developing gonad of a chicken or quail What are the steps of wildlife rehab? - ANS Treatment, rehab, live testing, release