Irene Gold Boards Part I - Spinal Anatomy
Exam Questions& Answers.
What is derived from the ENDODERM - Correct answer Organs, gut, respiratory tract (tubular structures)
What is derived from each part of the MESODERM
Paraxial Somatic - Correct answer Paraxial - Somatic - muscles tendons ligaments
What is derived from each part of the MESODERM
Paraxial Splanchnic - Correct answer Paraxial - splanchnic - smooth muscle of organs
What is derived from each part of the MESODERM
Intermediate - Correct answer Intermediate - urogenital system and kidneys
What is derived from each part of the MESODERM
Head - Correct answer Head - skull muscles, dentine of teeth
What is derived from each part of the MESODERM
Lateral Plate - Correct answer LateralPlate - adrenal cortex CT, cardiovascular an lymph
What is derived from each part of the ECTODERM
Surface Ectoderm
Neuroectoderm
-Neural Tube
-Neural Crest - Correct answer Surface Ectoderm - epidermis, ant. Pituitary, lens of eye skin, enamel, hair, nails
Neuroectoderm/Tube - post pituitary, retina of eye, CNS, oligodendrocyte
CNS - brain/cord
Outside CNS - sympathetic chain, DRG, AND, PNS, Schwann Cells, Parafollicular cells thyroid, adrenal medulla
Embryological order starting with NOTOCORD---- - Correct answer Notocord - Neural Groove - Neural Tube - Neural Crest Cells
CNS pathology from neural tube: Spina Bifida Occula - Correct answer Spina Bifida Occulta - lamina fail to fuse
Meningocele - Correct answer Meningocele - meninges protrude from cord
P a g e 1 | 21 Myeloclele - Correct answer Myelocele - cord protrudes out - undeveloped meninges
Meningomyelocele - Correct answer Meningomyelocele - cord and meninges protrude out
Arnold Chiari I and II - Correct answer Arnold Chiari - type I - cerebellar peduncles fall through magnum type II = plus meningomyelocele
Cleft Palate - Correct answer Cleft Palate - maxillary and palatine fail to fuse
Embryological development of Mesoderm - Correct answer Notochord - nucleus pulposus
31 pair mesodermal somites from paraxial mesoderm
-Sclerotome - membranous vertebral colun
myotome - muscle
---somatic - skeletal muscle
---splanchnic - smooth muscle
---epimere - dorsal, posterior mm extensors
---hypomere - ventral, anterior mm, flexors
Dermatome - nerves
Ossification development embryo - Correct answer Intramembranous/intramedullary - mesenchymal tissue to bone, clavicle and skull flat bones
Enchondral ossification - cartilage to bone - everything but clavicle and skull
GI embryology
Mouth
Foregut
Midgut
Hindgut - Correct answer Mouth - stomodeum
Foregut - back of throat to 1st one-third (1/3) of duodenum
Midgut - last two-thirds (2/3) duodenum to 1st two-thirds (2/3) transverse colon
Hindgut - last one-third (1/3) transverse colon to anus
Gubernaculum - Correct answer Males - scrotal ligament aka gubernacular testis Females - suspensory ligament of ovary, ovarian ligament and round ligament
START PAGE 2 P a g e 2 | 21 Dendrites impulse ______ cell body
Axons impulse _______ cell body - Correct answer Dendrites - send impulse toward body
Axons - send impulse away from body
Path from stimulus to motor response - Correct answer Receptor/Dendrite
Peripheral Nerve
Cord
Brainstem/Cerebellum
Thalamus/Parietal Lobe
Wernicke's Area
Limbic System
Motor Response
Resting membrane potential
Muscle
Nerve - Correct answer Muscle = -90 (-85/-90)
Nerve = -70 (-65/-70)
Overall electric charge inside and outside cell - Correct answer Inside is negative (large protein molecules)
Outside positive (NA+)
Depolarization = - Correct answer NA+ channels open and NA+ rushes in
Dorsal Column Receptors
Paccinion Ruffini
Meissner/Merkel
Free Endings - Correct answer Paccini - vibraiton
Ruffini - joint position
Meissner/Merkel - accurate touch/pressure (rapid adapt)
-light=meissner
-deep = merkel
Free Endings - Pain (slow/non-adapting)
All or nothing principle refers to - Correct answer Threshold
Ascending Limb = Descending Limb = - Correct answer Ascending - NA+ in (stimulus)
P a g e 3 | 21
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