CAMRT EXAM ALL COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+

CAMRT EXAM ALL COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+ What is the central ray for an AP axial coccyx? - ANSWER- Angle 10 degrees caudad What does ERCP stand for and what is it done for? - ANSWER- Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography; used to diagnose biliary and pancreatic pathologies when the biliary ducts are not dilated and no obstruction exists in the ampulla What do Flexion/Extension views of the Cervical Spine assess? - ANSWER- AP motility of the cervical spine, or lack of movement due to trauma or disease In SC35, what is the limit for light field and x-ray field alignment? - ANSWER- Must not exceed 2% of the SID Why do we do a ball catcher's view? - ANSWER- Assist in detecting early radiologic changes needed to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis What is Orthostatic Hypotension? - ANSWER- Low blood pressure due to standing upright (dizziness after getting up from a supine position) What is the difference between Germicide and Disinfectant? - ANSWER- Germicide is a solution that destroys microorganisms; Disinfectant is a type of germicide that inhibits the growth of bacteria Which carpal bone is most commonly fractured? - ANSWER- Scaphoid What is the difference between Lauenstein and cross-table lateral views of the hip? - ANSWER- Lauenstein=lesser trochanter in profile medially and femoral neck superimposes greater trochanter Cross-table Lateral=femoral neck demonstrated without overlap from greater trochanter and a small amount of the lesser trochanter on the posterior surface of the femur demonstrated in profile Why do we include anterior soft tissue on a trauma cross-table lateral of the c-spine? - ANSWER- Allows accurate measurement for any type of vertebral displacement or noticeable swelling that could suggest a disguised fracture When imaging the intercondylar fossa, which body part is perpendicular to the central ray? - ANSWER- The long axis of the lower leg What is the purpose of lateral bending for scoliosis imaging? - ANSWER- Employed in patients with early scoliosis to determine the presence of structural change when bending to the right and left (compensatory curve will correct itself on one of these images), as well predict or assess degree of correction that can be obtained What is the optimal kV for a chest x-ray and why? - ANSWER- 110-125 kV sufficiently penetrates the heart shadow and visualizes the thoracic vertebrae as well as provides the long scale of contrast necessary to visualize lung details When doing a portable chest x-ray, how do you adjust the central ray for a kyphotic patient? - ANSWER- Angle less (closer to perpendicular) slightly or leave the tube perpendicular so clavicles will be 1" below apices of lung Why is a CT study for PE scanned from from abdomen to just above shoulders? - ANSWER- To help reduce artifact of the contrast when the initial injection is given because of the large amount of contrast that will be entering the superior vena cava before the coronary arteries What type of medication may be administered to a patient prior to a contrast study to prevent a reaction? - ANSWER- Steroids and antihistamines (Benadryl, Medrol) What is Spatial Resolution? - ANSWER- The ability of an imaging process to distinguish small, adjacent, high-contrast structures in the object What should you do if a nurse forgets to chart a medication during an Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)? - ANSWER- Bring any omissions to their attention - any item that has not been documented on the chart is considered to be "not performed" in a court of law What does penumbra effect? - ANSWER- Recorded detail What is the Line Focus Principle? - ANSWER- Through angling the target, the effective area of the target is made much smaller than the actual area of electron interaction (smaller anode angle=smaller effective focal spot, larger anode angle=larger effective focal spot) How do you know if an oblique image of the L-spine is over-rotated? - ANSWER- The pedicles sit too far posterior on vertebral bodies (Remember: ***PP, too much***=posterior pedicles) What is a PICC line? What is its position and purpose? - ANSWER- Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter; placed in brachiocephalic vein at the junction of the SVC or actually within the SVC itself; used for measuring central venous pressure as well as allowing nutrients and fluid to be instilled What is the position and purpose of a Swan-Ganz catheter? - ANSWER- Placed in right or left pulmonary artery; used to measure wedge pressure, central venous pressure, systolic, diastolic, and mean pressure, to withdraw blood samples, and to inject drugs or administer fluids What are the three layers of mater surrounding the brain? - ANSWER- From outer to inner: Dura, Arachnoid, and Pia What is the appearance of a subdural hematoma on a CT (acute and chronic) and the likely cause of one? - ANSWER- Acute subdural hematoma will have a crescent-shaped peripheral high-density lesion; Chronic Subdural hematoma appears as an isodense lesion; They usually result from trauma, and is venous bleeding from ruptured veins between the dura and meninges What is the pathology demonstrated in the CT head image? - ANSWER- Glioma (Glioblastoma) What is the pixel value for a detector of 18? - ANSWER- 2^18 = 262144. (The pixel value formula is 2^x, where x is the number given) Why should scoliosis images be performed PA? - ANSWER- To reduce radiation exposure to selected radiosensitive organs Why is an ERCP exam contraindicated if the patient has a pancreatic pseudocyst? - ANSWER- A pseudocyst is a dilated space, resembling a cyst, with a collection of fluid and necrotic debris. The biliary and digestive systems can become compressed with some cysts, thus using a scope to enter the ducts could cause a hemorrhage or rupture of the cyst if the scope were to accidently hit or penetrate the cyst. On that note, the injection of x-ray contrast is contraindicated and would NOT be used as the fluid will collect and as well could rupture the cyst What is demonstrated on a 15-degree occipitofrontal view of the sinuses? - ANSWERFrontal sinuses lying superior to the frontonasal suture, anterior ethmoidal air cells lying on each side of the nasal fossas and immediately inferior to the frontal sinuses, sphenoid sinuses projected through the nasal fossas just inferior to or in between the ethmoid air cells, and petrous ridges lying in the lower third of the orbits What is the difference between Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis? - ANSWERSpondylolysis=the breaking down of a vertebra, or replacement of a portion of the vertebral arch with cartilage; refers to a defect in the pars interarticularis without displacement; Spondylolisthesis=forward displacement of a vertebra over a lower segment, usually of the 4 th or 5 th lumbar, frequently due to spondylolysis What is a Bennett's Fracture? - ANSWER- Oblique fracture of the base of the first metacarpal, possibly with proximal and lateral subluxation of metacarpal shaft that extends into first carpometacarpal joint; usually caused by FOOSH What is a Pott's Fracture? - ANSWER- Fracture of the ankle, involving the malleoli: First degree Pott's=fractures involving one malleolus, Second degree Pott's (bimalleolar)=fractures involving both malleoli, Third degree Pott's (trimalleolar)=bimalleolar fracture with a fracture of the posteroinferior surface of the tibia What is a Compound Fracture? - ANSWER- A wound in communication with the fracture; susceptible to infection; blood loss may be significant Explain what a comminuted fracture is and the two different types. - ANSWER- Fracture with more than two bone fragments; Segmental=divides the long bone into several fragments; Butterfly=wedge-shaped fragment split off from the main fragment What is considered the Sterile Corridor? - ANSWER- The area in the operating room between the patient drape and the instrument table How should the lower extremity be rotated for an AP projection of the proximal femur? - ANSWER- 15 degrees internally What part of the gown is considered sterile in the OR? - ANSWER- From the waist to the shoulders in the front, and the sleeves from 2" above the elbow to the cuffs What does COW stand for? - ANSWER- Circle of Willis What is number 1 in the picture? - ANSWER- Anterior Cerebral Artery Study the Circle of Willis - ANSWERDescribe the hip localization method - ANSWER- Imagine a line from the ASIS to symphysis pubis and at midpoint of that line, imagine a perpendicular line, moving 1.5" distally to locate the femoral head. This perpendicular line will also aid in judging the angle of the femoral neck. The two will be exactly the same What is the central ray for an AP knee image on patient who is considered to have a sthenic body habitus? - ANSWER- Perpendicular to the knee joint What is included on a CT head? - ANSWER- From base of skull to cranial vertex Which vessel ascends through the cervical transverse foramina? - ANSWER- Vertebral artery What three vessels provide oxygenated blood to the heart? - ANSWER- The left and right Coronary Arteries and the Circumflex Artery What are the two types of target interactions that can produce diagnostic-range x-ray photons? - ANSWER- Bremsstrahlung and Characteristic What should be superimposed on an ideal AP Odontoid that clearly demonstrates the tip of the dens? - ANSWER- Occlusal surface of upper central incisors and the base of the skull Why are patients to remain NPO prior to any surgical procedures? - ANSWER- They should have nothing by mouth to reduce any chance of aspiration caused by any nausea experienced during the procedure List exams from highest to lowest dose: lumbar spine, KUB, chest, BE - ANSWER- 1. Barium Enema (Constant Fluoro, usually followed by plain radiography images) 2. Lumbar Spine (80-90 KVP, {Lateral 40+mAs}) 3. KUB (80-90KVP, average 20-40mAs) 4. Chest (125 KVP, average 5-10mAs)