Inleiding tot de criminologie en de strafrechtsbedeling
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Inleiding tot de criminologie en de strafrechtsbedeling
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Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
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Inleiding tot de criminologie en de strafrechtsbedeling
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Inleiding tot de criminologie en
strafrechtsbedeling
Samenvatting
Semester 1 - examen januari
H1: Introductie en onderzoek in de criminologie
H3: Criminologisch onderzoek
1. Kwantitatieve bronnen------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4
2. Kwalitatieve bronnen-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
3. Publieke criminologie--------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
H4: Historische ontwikkeling van criminologische denken
1. Klassieke school------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6
★ Cesare Beccaria (18e E)-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
★ Jeremy Bentham (18e E)-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7
2. Positivisme--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
★ Quetelet (19e E)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
★ Lombroso (19e E)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
➔ Italiaanse school (E. Ferri, R. Garofalo)-------------------------------------------------8
➔ Franse school (Lacassagne)--------------------------------------------------------------- 9
H5: Vroeg sociologische denken
Basis ideëen van vroeg sociologisch denken:------------------------------------------------------------11
1. Criminaliteit is normaal - Durkheim------------------------------------------------------------------11
2. Criminaliteit is deel van het sociaal conflict - Marx en Engels--------------------------------11
3. Criminaliteit is een probleem van culturele transmissie--------------------------------------- 12
★ Concentrische zonetheorie - Park en Burgess--------------------------------------------- 13
★ Culturele transmissietheorie - Shaw en McKay-------------------------------------------- 13
4. Criminaliteit is aangeleerd - Sutherland----------------------------------------------------------- 13
★ Differentiële associatie theorie - Sutherland------------------------------------------------ 13
5. Criminaliteit is gevolg van maatschappelijke spanning (strain)------------------------------ 14
★ Anomietheorie - Robert Merton---------------------------------------------------------------- 14
★ Cohen: Delinquent boys (1955)---------------------------------------------------------------- 14
★ Cloward & Ohlin: Delinquency and opportunity (1960)-----------------------------------14
6. Criminaliteit is een gebrek aan sociale controle------------------------------------------------- 15
★ Zelfcontrole (1950)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15
★ Neutraliseringstheorie - Sykes & Matza------------------------------------------------------15
★ Sociale controle/sociale bindingstheorie - Travis Hirschi-------------------------------- 15
H6: Radicale criminologie
1. Deviantie & labelling theorie - Lemert, Cohen & Becker-------------------------------------- 17
1
, ★ Edwin Lemert--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
★ Howard Becker------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18
★ Stanley Cohen (Folk devils and moral panics (1972))------------------------------------18
2. Criminaliteit als conflict---------------------------------------------------------------------------------19
3. New criminology (kritische- / arbeidersklasse- / neo-Marxistische -criminologie)-------19
4. Subcultuurtheorie----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21
5. Gender en criminologie-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21
Michel Foucault en discourstheorie (Franse filosoof)-----------------------------------------22
H8: Criminaliteit en ruimtelijke context
Geografische patronen criminaliteit--------------------------------------------------------------- 23
1. Oscar Newman – Defensible space------------------------------------------------------ 24
2. Felston – Routine activiteitentheorie------------------------------------------------------24
H9: Slachtoffers en slachtofferschap
1. Rol SLA in de SRB--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25
2. Definitie slachtofferschap (én criminaliteit)---------------------------------------------------25
3. Hiërarchie slachtofferschap---------------------------------------------------------------------- 26
4. Victimologie------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 26
5. Slachtofferenquêtes--------------------------------------------------------------------------------27
6. Sociale kenmerken/variabelen in slachtofferschap---------------------------------------- 27
7. Impact slachtofferschap---------------------------------------------------------------------------28
8. Debat: Slachtoffergerichte SRB-----------------------------------------------------------------28
H10: Levensloopcriminologie
Sleutelstudies onset----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------30
★ Sheldon en Glueck (1930-1960)--------------------------------------------------------------- 30
★ West & Farrington----------------------------------------------------------------------------------30
★ Andere studies: vonden risicofactoren:-------------------------------------------------------30
Desistance----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------31
★ Sampson and Laub--------------------------------------------------------------------------------31
Levenskansen------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 32
H11: Vermogenscriminaliteit
Historiek vermogensdelinquentie------------------------------------------------------------------ 34
Sociale verdeling risico------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36
Controle/reactie op vermogenscriminaliteit------------------------------------------------------36
Begrijpen/verklaren van vermogenscriminaliteit----------------------------------------------- 37
H12: Criminaliteit, seksualiteit en gender
Zedendelicten begrijpen------------------------------------------------------------------------------38
Wanneer is seks een misdrijf?----------------------------------------------------------------------38
★ Consent (toestemming)----------------------------------------------------------------------38
★ Diverse seksuele misdrijven----------------------------------------------------------------39
★ Seksueel geweld en strafbare seksualiteit verklaren (criminalisering)---------- 39
Het fenomeen seksuele criminaliteit------------------------------------------------------------------- 42
H13: Criminaliteit, emoties en sociale psychologie
Emoties en criminaliteit-------------------------------------------------------------------------------43
★ Cohen: Delinquent Boys (1955)------------------------------------------------------ 43
2
, ★ Goffman: Stigma (1963)---------------------------------------------------------------- 43
★ Matza: Becoming delinquent (1969)------------------------------------------------ 43
★ Katz: Seductions of crime (1988)---------------------------------------------------- 43
Emoties en criminaliteit-------------------------------------------------------------------------------44
1. Angst – onveiligheidsgevoelens (fear of crime)----------------------------------------44
2. Hate (crime): haatmisdrijven---------------------------------------------------------------- 45
3. Respect, schaamte en eigenwaarde----------------------------------------------------- 45
4. Vernedering, woede en “edgework”-------------------------------------------------------46
5. Risico, opwinding en routine----------------------------------------------------------------46
H16: Denken over bestraffing
1. Filosofisch - normatief perspectief (Morele legitimering)------------------------------------------- 47
1. Reductionisme-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 47
a) Afschrikking------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 47
b) Rehabilitatie-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------47
c) Neutralisering----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48
2. Vergelding / retributie------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 48
3. Herstel-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------48
2. Sociologisch perspectief------------------------------------------------------------------------------------49
1. Sociale solidariteit - Dürkheim-------------------------------------------------------------------49
Punitieve passies--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 49
★ Nietzsche-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------49
★ Mead---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 49
★ Garfinkel------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 49
2. Politieke economie - Marx------------------------------------------------------------------------49
3. Disciplinaire macht - Foucault en Cohen----------------------------------------------------- 50
★ Foucault - ‘Surveiller et Punir’---------------------------------------------------------50
★ S. Cohen - ‘The punitive city’----------------------------------------------------------50
4. Feminisme--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------50
H17: Politie en policing
Rol en functie politie--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 51
↗ POLITIE------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 51
↘ POLICING--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 51
H: Politiek geweld, terrorisme en counter-terrorisme
Terrorisme----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55
Terroristische acties begrijpen?-------------------------------------------------------------------- 55
Contra-terrorisme--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56
H: Criminaliteit van de staat, oorlogsmisdaden en mensenrechten
Staat en legitiem geweld----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 57
Mensenrechten----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 57
H18: Justitie (gastcollege Sofie De Bus)
Wat is recht?------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 58
Soorten rechtsregels--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58
Bindendheid van rechtsregels--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58
De rechterlijke macht------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 60
3
, Inquisitoir vs. accusatoir---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 61
Rechtsgebied------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 61
Provincies-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------62
Gerechtelijk arrondissement----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 62
Kanton--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 64
H20: De gevangenisstraf (Gastcollege Lars Breuls)
Vergelijken van gevangenissystemen-------------------------------------------------------------------1
Evolutie Belgische gevangeniswezen-------------------------------------------------------------------1
★ Voor 1830----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
★ 1830 – WOI------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
★ Interbellum: positivisme en penitentiaire antropologie------------------------------------- 1
★ Na WOII: individualisering en resocialisering-------------------------------------------------1
★ 1980 - heden: overbevolking--------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
★ Recente ontwikkelingen----------------------------------------------------------------------------1
Intermezzo: belangrijke inzichten uit gevangenissociologie---------------------------------- 1
★ Sykes - The society of captives (1958)----------------------------------------------------1
★ Goffman - Total Institutions (1961)--------------------------------------------------------- 1
4
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