AQA A Level Geography paper 2

AQA A Level Geography paper 2 Place ANS: A location which has different meanings to various people. Placemaking ANS: The deliberate shaping of an environment to facilitate social interaction and improve a community's quality of life. locale ANS: Locations that are associated with everyday activities and are shaped by the people, culture and customs within it. Sense of place ANS: the subjective and emotional attachment to a place which gives it meaning. Doreen Massey ANS: Places are dynamic processes Places have multiple identities Places have no boundaries Placelessness ANS: Defined by geographer Edward Relph as the loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape. Positionality ANS: Factors such as age, gender, race that influence how we perceive different places. genius loci ANS: the spirit of a place - develop a sense of place and suggests every place has a unique spirit or atmosphere. Clone town ANS: settlements where the high street is dominated by chain stores- placelessness. Globalisation has created these homogenised places. Totnes, Devon ANS: An area that is resisting the power of globalisation e.g. it's anti-Costa campaign in 2012 that succeeded. Bristol pound ANS: A local currency that aims to encourage people to shop locally and support independent businesses. Glocalisation ANS: The modification of global products and ideas to suit local conditions. E.g. McDonald's have removed pork from the menu in Muslim countries. Near place ANS: places that feel like home, where people would live in a similar way to which we live. We feel secure and this has a prop for our identity. Form our national identity as a country. Far place ANS: Places we see as foreign, alien and different. Experienced place ANS: Places we have been to and developed our own sense of place, emotional attachment, change previous perceptions, genius loci. Media place ANS: Places we have formed a perception of based on what we see in the media, makes world seem smaller, more understanding of the world. insider ANS: Those who feel at home within a place. Ethnic groups cluster together which can help them feel like insiders. Characteristics of an insider ANS: Born in the country, fluent in local language, conform with idioms and social norms and has feelings of emotional attachment and familiarity. outsider ANS: a viewpoint of someone who is not from the certain place/doesn't live there/has little or no experience of that place. Outsider characteristics ANS: Feelings of alienation and not belonging, sense of place may come from media representations. E.g. a recent immigrant who doesn't understand the culture and may feel excluded from the place. Nationalism ANS: A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country which creates a sense of national consciousness. E.g. patriotism, Welsh language. Regionalism ANS: loyalty to a particular region Localism ANS: An affection for or emotional ownership of a particular place. Can be represented in NIMBYSM - where people are reluctant to have their local area affected by development. People have identified more with their local area because they have greater knowledge of it. endogenous factors ANS: Factors that originate from within a place. Over time they will be shaped by exogenous factors. E.g. topography, demographic characteristics, infrastructure. exogenous factors ANS: Factors that originate from outside a place e.g. migration (eg Germany has around 1.4m asylum seekers), money, trade Gentrification ANS: A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area. Effects of gentrification ANS: racial and ethnic tensions, insiders can feel like outsiders, change in place character East Village case study ANS: Previously a deindustrialised area with derelict buildings and the population was mainly comprised of Irish travellers. It was then renovated for the 2012 Olympic Games and is now an area of private housing. One of the traveller camps was regenerated into a broadcasting studio- these insiders were forced out of their place. social constructionism approach ANS: The theory where people shape their reality through social interaction; it is therefore something that is constructed, not inherent; it looks to uncover the ways in which individuals and groups give meaning to otherwise worthless spaces. phenomenological approach ANS: Proposed by Yi-Fu Tuan and Edward Relph -how an individual person experiences place, recognizing a highly personal relationship between place and person. Topophilia ANS: Tuan developed this. Love of a place and having a strong attachment. It's through human perception and experience that we get to know places. Topophobia ANS: hate/fear of a place. descriptive approach ANS: The idea that the world is a set of places and each place can be studied and is distinct. Jon Anderson ANS: Places can be defined and given meaning by the traces within them e.g. buildings, events, emotions. Soho Road Then And Now- Benjamin Zephaniah ANS: "Exotic smells"- multicultural character- a large flow of migrants that have contributed to this (exogenous factor) Repetition of collective pronoun "we"- community Reliability of Soho road ANS: Zephaniah grew up there so he's an insider but he has bias and a different perspective of the place than us. Coming from the Mill- L.S Lowry 1930 ANS: Many factories in the background showing the industry at the time- very different to the present day A large number of people - densely populated area Heavy amount of air pollution- level of industry in area and many people work there in the factories Reliability of Coming from the Mill ANS: Lowry lived near the area so he was an insider He has the expertise to create the source His vested interest may not be to show the present day- perhaps the future effects Paintings can show a deeper understanding of the place as they allow the painter to show the character. Sutton Coldfield ethnic data ANS: 89.3% white British in 2001 and 86.5% in 2011 which is 0.5% above the national average Sutton Coldfield age data ANS: 23.6% aged 60+ in 2001 and 26.3% in 2011 Sutton Coldfield health data ANS: 49% very good health in 2001 and 46% in 2011 Sutton Coldfield economic data ANS: 84% of households in 2011 owned at least one car and the average weekly income was £560. Torquay case study ANS: Southern England within the area of Torbay and south of Exeter. It's seen a decline in tourism since the 1970s and has since experienced social and economic problems Torquay ethnic data ANS: 5% ethnic minority groups in 2001 and 2.3% in 2011. 97% white British currently which is 11% above the national average. Limited ethnic variation. Torquay age data ANS: 21% are aged 60+ showing an ageing population.- national average is just 16.3%. Younger people are migrating out of Torquay to cities with more opportunities. This is bad for Torquay's economic growth but there is less crowding and pollution. Torquay economic data ANS: 19.5% collect benefits which is 6% above the national average. 25.8% have no qualifications and the national average is 22.5%. In 2015, Torbay was within the top 20% most deprived areas in England. Quantitative data ANS: numerical data- census data allows detailed information to be interpreted about a place and can easily be compared with other places but it ignores perspectives. qualitative data ANS: descriptive data- interviews allows high level of detail and perspectives on place but there may be bias involved resulting in inaccurate results. Google Maps (qualitative) ANS: Allows people to search for and find out about places as well as showing the physical character of the place but doesn't give any perspective on place. Interviews (Qualitative) ANS: Can generate detailed insights about a place or sense of place through people's perceptions and are first hand reports. But there may be interviewer bias in which the interviewer may affect the responses by leading the questions in a certain direction. Photographs (qualitative) ANS: They display the built environment and can show the lived experience of place. More reliable than paintings as they don't have any personal interpretation of place. But they don't show perceptions or sense of place. OS maps (qualitative) ANS: Display the built environment and transport links which are important to outsiders e.g. tourists who are new to visiting the area. But they don't show a sense of place of the area- not overly useful on their own if one wanted to have full understanding of the