BIO 182 ASU Exam 1 (Prof. Weaver) Already Graded A+

BIO 182 ASU Exam 1 (Prof. Weaver) Already Graded A+ Key Point 1 Even the most desperate organisms share some features, suggesting that the single, nine random process generated diversity. True or False #1: biodiversity on earth will likely decrease in the near future. True! Fingerprints of human activity, spread of an invasive species, Rapid change and global climate, habitat destruction, Deforestation What are the Three World Views? 1. Natural Evolution - Evolution by natural process2. Theistic Evolution - Evolution guided by God3. Creation - Species created by God True or False #3: Scientists believe in Evolution even though they currently lack evidence for the theory. False! Based on know mechanisms: Natural Selection, Mutation, and Genetic Drift Key Point 2 Biologists accept evolutionary theory because its predictions match observations. True or False #4: Extreme temperatures of 2015 are sufficient evidence to conclude that Earth is warming. False! Not enough data to show a trend Key Point 3 When something varies over space and time, one must compare sufficient samples to quantify effects accurately. What does Replicating Observations do? Increases reliability of pattern. What does Controling Conditions do? Isolates effects of certain factors. What does randomizing subjects do? Decreases risk of bias from uncontrolled factors. What is Creationism and Catastrophism? All species created in six days, Earth is 6,000 years old, species fixed, extinctions from catastrophe. Leading Biologist/ Paleontologist who championed this science/theory/belief Georges Cuvier (). True or False #5: Darwin's worldview when leaving England would best be described as Creationism. True! Based on the fact that Creationism was the dominant world view at his place and time and that he was studying for religious life. What did Charles Lyell contribute to science in the context of Darwinian Evolution? Charles Lyell believed in the old earth ideologies and slow and gradual change. (Old Earth theory - billions and billions of years old) What do Charles Darwin, Charles Lyell, and Alfred Wallace have in common? They all believed in natural selection and came up with theories about it. Key Point 4 Darwin abandoned a theory of Creationism for a theory of evolution that better explained his observations about life. True or False #6: Darwin could not have proposed natural selection without abandoning the idea of creation. False. Theistic Evolution could have been his world view. What book did Darwin write? On the Origin of Species What are phenotypes? physical traits True or False #7: Natural Selection occurs whenever some individuals reproduce more than others. False! Not the only element that you need. The offspring has to be similar to parents (heritable). What are the necessary conditions of Natural Selection? 1. Heritable Variation 2. Differences in Reproduction Key Point 5 Natural Selection occurs whenever heritable phenotypes cause some individuals to reproduce more than others. True or False #8: Organisms evolve by natural selection. False! Not organism but the population. True or False: Unlike Wallace, Darwin did not believe that natural selection required variation among individuals. False True or False: Wallace used induction to develop a model of evolution by natural selection. True True or False: Unlike Wallace, Darwin's conceived his theory of evolution without observing species living on islands. False True or False: Both Darwin and Wallace must have assumed that differences among individuals were passed onto their offspring. True True or False: Similar to Wallace, Darwin conceived a theory of evolution by natural selection while voyaging around the world. False True or False: Both Wallace and Darwin adopted a worldview described as either naturalistic evolution or theistic evolution. True True or False #8: Artificial selection requires heritable variation in a trait. True! What did Darwin breed to display artificial selection? Pigeons. Key Point 6 Artificial Selection confirms the potential for populations to evolve through natural selection. True or False #9: Populations stopped evolving after twenty-five generations, likely because no genetic variation in lethal temperature remained. True Stochasticity unpredictable variation What are the two ingredients are necessary for Natural Selection? 1. Phenotypic Selection - Some phenotypes reproduce more than others.2. Genetic Response - these phenotypes are at least partially heritable. True or False #9: According to the model of Blending Inheritance, a mom with Red eyes and a Dad with white eyes would produce a mixture of offspring: some with red eyes and some with white eyes. False, it would be a blend of the two, so pink. What did Hugo de Vries () contribute to science in the context of Darwinian Evolution? Hugo de Vries brought up the idea of mutation. New genes could pop-up from mutations to provide the necessary genetic variation for Natural Selection. What would blending inheritance lead to? Blending Inheritance would lead to a decrease in genetic diversity/variation. (Not a realistic theory for what is really occurring) True or False #10: According to the theory of blending inheritance, a mating between a plant that produces round peas and a plant that produces wrinkled peas would result in offspring that produces slightly wrinkled peas. True Key Point #8 Genetic Variation depends on particles that segregate but do not blend during reproduction. (Something is passing on that can come back; some kind of trait. Recessive Gene) What model did Gregor Johann Mendel () to visualize and represent genotypes and phenotypes? Punnet Square! (Capital Letter reps Dominant Allele; Lower Case Letter reps Recessive Allele) True or False #11: If some plants with round peas were heterozygotes (Aa), then these plants should produce offspring with wrinkled peas when mated to plants with wrinkled peas (aa). True! (Aa X aa = 2 Aa and 2 aa) Why do experiments?:1. Why Replicate observations?2. Why Control conditions?3. Why Randomize Subjects? 1. Increases reliability of patterns2. Isolates effects of certain factors3. Decreases bias from uncontrolled factors incomplete dominance Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele Codiminance situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism (spotted cows e.g.) Probability likelihood that a particular event will occur Will you ever get exactly 75% Dominant phenotype (genotype - AA or Aa) and 25% recessive phenotype (genotype - aa) with a two heterozygote parents (Aa)? No, because there will always be discrepancy/imperfection is due to random events