Introduction in cognitive behavior therapy (PSB3EKP07)
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Farmer & Chapman (2016) 2
Overview 2
Chapter 2 - principles, goals and structure of initial assessment 6
Chapter 3 - behavioural case formulation and treatment planning 9
Chapter 4 - changing behaviour by changing the environment 12
Chapter 8 - behavioural activation 16
Chapter 9 - exposure-based interventions 18
Beck (2021) 20
Chapter 1 - introduction to cognitive behaviour therapy 20
Chapter 3 - cognitive conceptualization 20
Chapter 7 - activity scheduling 21
Chapter 12 - identifying automatic thoughts 22
Chapter 13 - emotions 23
Chapter 14 - evaluating automatic thoughts 23
Chapter 15 - responding to automatic thoughts 25
Chapter 17 - introduction to beliefs 26
Chapter 18 - modifying beliefs 27
Articles 28
Himle, Franklin (2009) - exposure and response prevention for OCD 28
Craske (2014) - inhibitory learning approach 29
van den Hout, Engelhard (2012) - how does EMDR work? 30
Mackiewicz, Turner (2014) - cognitive restucturing … paranoid schizophrenia 32
Sivec, Montesano (2012) - CBT for psychosis 34
Jansen et al. (2016) - extinction of cued cravings to reduce overeating 36
Arntz et al. (2009) - schema therapy for BPD 38
Bamelis et al. (2014) - effectiveness of schema therapy for personality disorders 39
De Klerk et al. (2016) - schema therapy for personality disorders 40
Nysæter, Nordahl (2008) - application schema therapy for BPD 41
Ostafin et al. (2012) - mindfulness, alcohol moviation, heavy drinking 44
Salmon et al. (2004) - mindfulness meditation 45
Eifert et al. (2009) - ACT for anxiety disorders 46
,Farmer & Chapman (2016)
Overview
● CBT = therapeutic approaches that emphasize cognitive, behavioural, emotional,
psychological and environmental factors in relation to psychological disorders
● Emergence of CBT
○ Social learning theory / social cognitive theory (Bandura)
■ = elevated symbolic cognitive processes to determinants of behaviour
■ Reciprocal determenism
● Behaviour, cognitive factors, and environmental influences
reciprocally and continuously interact and influence one
another
■ Self-efficacy
● Personal beliefs about efficacy / ability to successfully perform
coping behaviour were determinants of whether such
behaviour will be demonstrated
● Three waves of CBT
○ First wave → behaviour therapy to change associations
■ Systematic desentiziation, aversive conditioning, reinforcement
○ Second wave → addition of cognitive therapy to change internal mediators
(cognition)
■ Thought records
○ Third wave → not changing content but the relation to the content
■ Mindfulness-based interventions, cognitive defusion
● Mindfullness-based Stress Reduction (MBSR)
● Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)
○ Decentering
■ Mental content experiences as passing thoughts
and feelings that may or may not have some
truth in them
● Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT)
● Behaviour therapy
○ (1) Understanding behaviour → (2) changing behaviour
● Influential cognitive approach (Aaron & Beck)
○ Primary assumption
■ Distorted and dysfunctional thinking influences mood and behaviour
● Each disorder is defined by a unique set of thought distortions
and core beliefs
○ Additional assumption
■ Modification of underlying beliefs, or schemas, is required for lasting
change
○ Implication
■ Promotion of realistic, accurate, and balanced thinking and the
modification of thinking will produce associated changes in mood and
behaviour
● Models of abnormality
, ○ Cognitive therapy
■ Maladaptive schemas
○ Medical model approach
■ Diseases or dysfunctional biological processes
○ Psychodynamic models
■ Quality, integration, and differentiation of internalized (self) mental
representations and the relative maturity of inner defense coping
mechanism
● Behavioural perspective about theory and therapy
○ Has a different view than the ones above
■ Search for internal causes of behaviour is avoided
■ It is primarily concerned with what one does and the contexts within
which behaviour occurs
○ Culture determines whether behaviour is acceptable
■ Before 1970, homosexuality → mental disorder
● Behavioural perspectives
○ Assumptions about the individual, the context within one lives, and the factors
that influence one’s behaviour
■ Covert behaviour
● Within the individual
■ Overt behaviour
● Observed by others
● Three-term contingency
○ Interaction of a person with one’s environment
■ Three elements
● Antecedents
○ Discriminative stimuli (Sd)
■ Information about likelihood that
reinforcement/punishment will follow a
behaviour
○ Establishing operations (EO) / motivational operations
■ Changing the reinforcing/punishing
characteristics of environmental events
■ Internal events such as thoughts and hunger
are common EOs
■ Rule governed behaviour
● Is influenced by verbal rules
○ “If I speak in front of a public, I
will be evaluated negatively”
○ S-delta
■ When behaviour does not take place
○ Depends on learning history
● Behaviour
○ Covert and overt
● Consequences
○ Effect of behavoiur (immediate and delayed)
○ Behaviour is reinforced if consequences that follow
increase the likelihood of that beaviour to occur again
, ○ Changing behaviour
■
● Functionalism
○ Physical structure of species is determined by its associated function
○ Natural selection
■ Involves selection of most adaptive physical structures on the basis of
functional properties
● Associated with enhancement of gene fitness
● Environmental determinism
○ Overarching process associated with the selection of variations in an
individual’s behaviour during one’s lifetime and in cultural practices over
successive generations
● Contextualism
○ Study of behaviour thas emphasize how events and behaviour are linked
together
■ Is concernetd with context within behaviour is embedded
● Or contextual flow in which behacivour occurs
● Focus of contemporary therapies
○ Interpersonal therapies
■ Social behaviour and relations with others
○ Cognitive therapies
■ Thoughts, underlying assumptions, schemas
○ Humanistic therapies
■ Experiences, emotions, and the provision of validation by the therapist
for these experiences and emotions
○ Psychodynamic therapies
■ Mental representations of self and other, and use of particular defense
mechanisms
○ Biological therapies
■ Neurochemical functions and neurocicruit activity
● Behaviour therapies
○ Context within which a client’s problematic behaviour occurs
■ Emphasis on potentially modifiable antecedents and consequences
○ Client’s behavioural repertoire
■ Problematic behaviour because not yet learned alternative (more
adaptive) forms of actions
● Behavioural assessment of clients
○ Features associated with the functional context of behaviour are assessed
and evaluated
■ The following areas:
● Antecedents of problematic behaviour
○ Verbal rules?
■ “If I vomit, I can eat this cake”
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