Exam (elaborations)
NCE Exam - Research and Program Evaluation QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 2024 ( A+ GRADED 100% VERIFIED)
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NCE Exam - Research and Program Evaluation QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 2024 ( A+ GRADED 100% VERIFIED)
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NCEExam
-
Research
and
Program
Evaluation
Experimental
research
-
ANS
the
process
of
gathering
data
in
order
to
make
evaluative
comparisons
regarding
different
situations.
The
experiment
-
ANS
The
most
valuable
type
of
research
(used
to
discover
cause-and-effect
relationships)
You
need
at
least
30
individuals
to
conduct
a
'true'
experiment.
-
ANS
Correlational
research
requires
30
subjects
per
variable.
Quasi-experiment
-
ANS
Uses
PRE-EXISTING
groups,
so
the
independent
variable
(IV)
cannot
be
altered
(i.e.,
gender
or
ethnicity),
and
can't
state
with
any
statistical
confidence
that
the
IV
caused
the
dependent
variable
(DV).
Correlation
research
is
quasi-experimental
and
does
not
yield
_____
-
____
data.
-
ANS
cause-effect
Parsimony
(also
known
as
Occam's
Razor)
-
ANS
interpreting
the
results
in
the
simplest
ways (Literally
a
tendency
to
be
miserly
and
not
overspend.)
Ex
post
facto
study
-
ANS
A
type
of
quasi-experiment
(literally
means
'after
the
fact')
connoting
a
correlational
study
in
which
preexisting
groups
are
utilized
Independent
variable
-
ANS
the
variable
the
researcher
manipulates,
controls,
alters,
or
wishes
to
experiment
with
(memory:
'I'
manipulate
the
IV)
Dependent
variable
-
ANS
expresses
the
outcome
or
the
data
regarding
factors
one
wants
to
measure
(memory:
'D'
in
dependent
and
data)
Internal
validity
-
ANS
Refers
to
whether
the
DVs
were
truly
influenced
by
the
experimental
IVs
or
whether
other
factors
had
an
impact.
Threats
to
internal
validity
-
ANS
maturation
of
subjects
(psychological
and
physical
changes
including
fatigue
due
to
time
involved),
mortality
(subjects
withdrawing),
instruments
used
to
measure
the
behavior
or
trait,
or
statistical
regression
(notion
that
extremely
high
or
low
scores
would
move
toward
the
mean
if
utilized
again) External
validity
-
ANS
Refers
to
whether
the
experimental
research
results
can
be
generalized
to
larger
populations
(other
people,
settings,
conditions).
[If
the
results
of
the
study
only
apply
to
the
population
in
the
study
then
external
validity
is
LOW.]
Causal
Comparative
design
-
ANS
a
true
experiment
WITHOUT
random
assignment
(Data
from
the
causal
comparative
ex
post
factor
[after
the
fact]
design
can
be
analyzed
with
a
test
of
significance
[t
test
or
ANOVA]
just
like
any
true
experiment.)
Factor
analysis
-
ANS
Statistical
procedure
to
summarize
MANY
variables.
(i.e.,
A
test
measuring
a
counselors
ability
may
try
to
describe
3
important
variables
that
make
up
an
effective
helper
although
hundreds
exist.)
Chi-square
-
ANS
Nonparametric
statistical
measure
that
tests
whether
a
distribution
differs
significantly
from
an
expected
theoretical
distribution
of
scores.
(Memory:
''chi'
like
'chi-a
pet'
that
I
expected
more
from)
Occam's
Razor
(also
known
as
Lloyd
Morgan's
1894
Canon)
-
ANS
suggests
experimenters
interpret
the
results
in
the
simplest
manner. William
of
Occam
-
ANS
14th
century
philosopher
and
theologian.
(Occam's
Razor,
aka
'parsimony'
named
for)
Bubbles
in
research
-
ANS
Considered
flaws
in
research
(i.e.,
rubbing
a
sticker
on
car
and
getting
no
bubbles
-
impossible)
Confounded
or
flawed
variable
-
ANS
Undesirable
variables
that
invalidate
experiments.
(The
only
experimental
variable
should
be
the
independent
variable.)
Nondirective
is
to
person-centered
as
-
ANS
parsimony
is
to
Occam's
Razor
(both
are
synonymous)
Most
counselors
see
themselves
as
practitioners,
not
researchers.
-
ANS
...
Confounding
-
ANS
occurs
when
an
undesirable
variable
(also
known
as
contaminating
variable)
which
is
not
controlled
by
the
researcher
is
introduced
in
the
experiment.
An
experiment
is
confounded
when
-
ANS
undesirable
variables
are
not
kept
out
of
the
experiment.
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