Solutions, Solutions Manual Fundamentals of Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry, Sustainable Science 4th Edition by Stanley E. Manahan.
ISBN. 9781466553163.
SOLUTIONS MANUAL FOR
Fundamentals of
Environmental and
Toxicological Chemistry:
Sustainable Science,
Fourth Edition
by
Stanley E. Manahan
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CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Environmental Chemistry and the Five Spheres of the Environment
Chapter 2 Fundamentals of Biochemistry and Toxicological Chemistry
Chapter 3 Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry of the Hydrosphere
Chapter 4 Pollution of the Hydrosphere
Chapter 5 Sustaining the Hydrosphere
Chapter 6 Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry of the Atmosphere.
Chapter 7 Pollution of the Atmosphere.
Chapter 8 Sustaining the Atmosphere: Blue Skies for a Green Earth
Chapter 9 Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry of the Geosphere
Chapter 10 Soil: A Critical Part of the Geosphere
Chapter 11 Sustaining the Geosphere
Chapter 12 Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry of the Biosphere
Chapter 13 Sustaining the Biosphere and Its Natural Capital
Chapter 14 Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry of the Anthrosphere
Chapter 15 Anthrosphere, Pollution, and Wastes
Chapter 16 Industrial Ecology and Green Chemistry for Sustainable Management of
the Anthrosphere
Chapter 17 Sustainable Energy: The Key to Everything.
Chapter 18 Analytical Chemistry and Industrial Hygiene
Chapter 19 Fundamentals of Chemistry
Chapter 20 Organic Chemistry
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Chapter 1
Environmental Chemistry and the Five Spheres of the Environment
1. Much of what is known about Earth's past history is based upon paleo-environmental
studies. Doing some research on the internet, suggest what is meant by these studies.
How can past climatic conditions, temperature, and atmospheric carbon dioxide levels
be inferred going back hundred of thousands of years based on ice cores and even
millions of years based on fossils?
Answer: Paleontology is the study of prehistoric life (fossils) and is used along with
geology and other disciplines to infer conditions on Earth millions of years ago. The
layers of ice in cores going back several hundred thousand years reveal the age in
which the ice was deposited (initially as snow). Mass spectrometric analysis of
entrained gas bubbles reveals atmospheric composition at the time, including carbon
dioxide levels and temperatures may be inferred from oxygen isotope data.
2. The idea of climate change caused by human activities appears to be relatively recent.
However, it was proposed quite some time ago in a paper entitled “On the Influence of
Carbonic Acid in the Air upon the Temperature of the Ground.” When was this paper
published and who was the author? What were his credentials and credibility?
Answer: This paper was published by Svante Arrhenius in the Philosophical Magazine
and Journal of Science in 1896 and was the first to quantify the role of atmospheric
carbon dioxide on the greenhouse effect. He was trained as a physicist who later
entered chemistry and is one of the founders of the discipline of physical chemistry. He
received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1903.
3. The definition of environmental chemistry shown in Figure 1.1 could very well be
illustrated with nitrogen oxides, NO and NO2, emitted to the atmosphere. What would
be the sources of these gaseous nitrogen oxides? Which secondary air pollutant would
they form interacting with volatile hydrocarbons in the sunlight? Could acid rain result
from these oxides and, if so, what would be the formula of the acid?
Answer: These oxides enter the atmosphere primarily as NO from combustion
processes and NO2 is formed from NO by atmospheric chemical processes.
Photochemical smog can form from nitrogen oxides interacting with atmospheric
hydrocarbons in the presence of sunlight. Acid rain can result from the conversion of
nitrogen oxides to nitric acid.
4. A number of reputable scientists now believe that the Holocene is ending and a new era
has begun. What is the Holocene? What is the new era that may well be replacing it and
how does it relate to material in this chapter? What are some of the environmental
implications of this change?
Answer: The Holocene is the relatively hospitable epoch that Earth has been in since
the end of the last ice age. It is being replaced by the Anthropocene epoch in which
human influences predominate and which will be characterized by higher global
temperatures, rising sea levels, and other profound effects on climate.
5. In the late 1800s there was concern that within the nitrogen biogeochemical cycle, not
enough of the atmosphere’s inexhaustible store of nitrogen was being “fixed” to
chemical forms that could be utilized by plants and that food shortages would result
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from a shortage of fixed nitrogen. What happened to change this situation? In what
respect did this development save many lives and how did it also make possible the loss
of millions of people in warfare after about
Answer: The development of chemical processes to produce ammonia, which contains
chemically bound nitrogen has significantly altered the balanced of fixed nitrogen in
the global nitrogen cycle. Synthetic ammonia fertilizer saved many from starvation in
the early 1900s, but made possible the large-scale manufacture of explosives that took
millions of lives in warfare.
6. In what respect is the term “solid earth” a misnomer? What are some specific events in
2011 that cast some doubt on “solid earth?” How did one of these events specifically
impact the anthrosphere and perhaps change the course of future energy developments?
Answer: Earth is quite plastic at considerable depths, making possible earthquakes.
The great earthquake and subsequent tsunami that destroyed Japan’s Fukushima
Daiichi nuclear installation in 2011 has had a chilling effect on future development of
nuclear energy in Japan and elsewhere.
7. In what important, fundamental respect does the phosphorus cycle differ from the
carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen cycles?
Answer: The phosphorus cycle does not have an atmospheric constituent.
8. Most people are aware that atmospheric carbon dioxide contributes to global warming
and climate change. In what respect, however, is the atmosphere’s carbon dioxide part
of Earth’s natural capital, that is, where would we be without it? What crucial natural
phenomenon causes a slight, but perceptible change in atmospheric carbon dioxide
levels over the course of a year?
Answer: Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels vary with photosynthesis and decrease
perceptible during the summer, especially in the Northern Hemisphere because of
photosynthesis.
9. Figure 1.1 illustrates the definition of environmental chemistry in terms of a common
pollutant. What command and control regulations have been implemented in limiting
this source of pollution? What “end-of-pipe” measures have been used? Suggest how
the practices of green chemistry might serve as alternatives to these measures.
Answer: The figure illustrates atmospheric sulfur dioxide pollution. This source of
pollution has been curtailed by laws and regulations since the 1970s, in part by
sequestering sulfur dioxide before it is released with stack gas. The practice of green
chemistry would concentrate on removing sulfur from fuel and on the use of alternate
sources of energy that do not emit sulfur dioxide.
10. As it applies to environmental processes, the term “sink” is mentioned several times in
this chapter. In what sense is Earth’s ability to act as a sink part of its natural capital?
Explain.
Answer: A “sink” is the final resting place of an environmental pollutant. A useful
characteristic of the Earth System is to act without adverse effect as a sink for some
pollutants.
11. In dealing with pollution and the potential for pollution, three approaches are pollution
prevention, end-of-pipe measures, and remediation. What do these terms mean in terms
of pollution control? Which is the most desirable, and which is the least? Explain.
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