Summary
Summary Crusades A Level notes
- Course
- Institution
From 1st to 3rd Crusade, with quotes for historiography
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
elodiecommissaris
Content preview
CRUSADES 1095-1192Reasons for the Crusades
I. RELIGIOUS
- fear of afterlife ∴ ppl believed crusade would ensure entrance to heaven
salvation vs. damnation
- papal reform movement (eg: Cluniac/Gregorian Reform Movement + Cluny Monastery)
spread ideas of penance (repentance) + remission (cancellation) of sins
**Cluny monastery encouraged good works + donations + gifts**
**Cluniac Reform Movement tried to purify Church of abuses + make it more holy**
**Cluniac = nding opportunities to atone**
**Gregorian = copy life of Chirst**
- crusading = a way to reduce the amount of punishment one has to undergo for sins
(guarantee of plenary indulgence) ‘remissio peccatorum’
- freeing Jerusalem from Islam —> return to Christian control
**esp. since many Christians went on pilgrimages to the Muslim-controlled area**
**every Medieval map showed Jerusalem as centre of world**
- Pope = large in uence + supported crusade
- in uence of preachers (eg: Bernard of Clairvaux)
- crusaders who dies = martyrs who went straight to heaven
- ppl believed they lived in Last Days + world was ending
- indulgences = ‘penitential’ war fought as a punishment to make up for sins
- Jerusalem = centre of world on Medieval maps + location of Holy Sepulchre/Cavalry
II. POLITICAL
- Turkish threat to Byzantium Empire (paved the way to Jerusalem for pilgrims ∴ crusaders
wanted to protect Christian empire)
- Alexius I Comnenus’s appeal to Pope Urban II
- political ambitions of papacy
- Pope Urban’s political problems in Germany + France
- violence + disorder in Europe
- (the Second and Third Crusades and the defence of the crusader states)
III. KNIGHTS
= strong + formidable ghting force
- minor land con icts among nobles helped train knights + experience
- crusade re-directed knightly violence
- horses w/stirrup + high saddle = ↑ security on horse Interpretations of
Crusade:
- shod horses for rough land = ↑ mobility a) Christian chivalry against
Muslim aggressors
- heavy armour = ↑ protection b) unprovoked Christian
aggression
- W Europe = high military potential
- ideas of chivalry
1
, - protecting Christianity + pilgrims ie: helping situation in East
- settlement in the crusader states + the acquisition of wealth
- Pope guilts knights by saying their behaviour isn’t “soldiery of Christ”
- knights = profession of killing ∴ needed to cleanse themselves
- knights tied to lords followed their leader into Crusade (feudal obligations)
- social reasons —> pressure to go on Crusade
IV. ECONOMIC
- primogeniture = 1st son inherits everything ∴ younger sons seek own fortune
- economic problems @ home (eg: famine) ∴ crusading = escape
eg: Prince Bohemund ≠ inherit father’s land ∴ hoped to gain land elsewhere
- land in the East “ oweth with milk and honey”
V. SOCIAL
- crusading provided escape from domestic issues eg: famine/disease
HOW WERE PEOPLE PERSUADED TO GO ON CAUSES OF 1ST CRUSADE:
CRUSADE? i) situation in East (Alexius’
• indulgences (remissio peccatorum) appeal)
• Gregorian/Cluniac Reform Movement ii) papal ambition
• threat of excommunication iii) Investiture Controversy
• Pope’s preaching tour iv) Philip of France
• v) religiosity of Europe
• preachers (spread message) vi) personal considerations
• Just War concept (= acceptable to kill w/ vii) violent knights
good intentions) —> by Augustine of Hippo
(4th Century)
CONTEXT:
Life in West:
- Roman empire collapsed (410AD) = instability
- small kingdoms (not nations) —> no unity (constantly changing borders)
- feudal society = frequent violent clashes (over land + leadership)
- economic + military decline
- famine/disease/low life expectancy
- urbanisation (1000s) = stability
- prosperous cities (eg: Pisa, Venice, Genoa) = sea ports for trade
- large Christian population —> confession/pilgrimages/Sunday mass to have sins absolved (Church had
God-given power to forgive sins)
Life in East:
- Christians had own closed off quarter in Jerusalem + had right to religion + amicable w/Muslims
- 7th century: Muslims conquer land to spread islam
- 638: Muslims capture Jerusalem
- 1092: Malik Shah + advisor died (no successor ∴ in
2
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller elodiecommissaris. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $10.32. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
76669 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now