NUR 265 EXAM 1 2024 QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A+

1. What is nephrotic syndrome?: A condition of increased glomerular permeability that allows larger molecules to pass through the membrane into the urine and then be excreted. 2. What are key features of nephrotic syndrome?: - *Massive proteinuria* -*Hypoalbuminemia* -*Edema (facial and periorbital)* -Lipiduria -Hyperlipidemia -Increased coagulation -Reduced kidney function 3. In nephrotic syndrome, severe protein loss in the urine is greater than what?: 3.5g in 24 hours 4. What is nephrotic syndrome treated with?: -immunosuppressant agents (if immunity based). -ACE inhibitors (decreased protein loss in urine) -statins (improve blood lipid levels). -Heparin (used to treat vascular effects and improve kidney function) 5. Describe Prerenal AKI. Give examples.: Decreased perfusion to kidneys. -NSAIDs -Severe dehydration -Renal artery stenosis -MI or HF resulting in low ejection fraction and low cardiac output -Blood/ fluid loss 6. Describe Intrarenal AKI. Give examples.: Tissue damage to the actual kidneys. -Glomerulonephritis or inflammation of the glomeruli -Sepsis -Intrarenal bleeding -Pyelonephritis 7. Describe Postrenal AKI. Give examples.: Obstruction that occurs after the kidney. -Enlarged prostate (BPH) -Bladder Cancer -Kidney stones 8. How do you determine the mean arterial pressure (MAP)?: Systolic + (Dias- tolic*2) /3 9. What is the MAP needed to perfuse the kidneys?: 65 mmHg 10. What are examples of nephrotoxic drugs?: -NSAIDS -Metformin -Diuretics -Antibiotics (especially -mycin) -Contrast dye 11. During the diuretic phase of AKI, what needs to be monitored?: Watch for dehydration and make sure output is greater than input 12. What are the dietary restrictions for an AKI patient?: -Low protein -Low sodium -Fluid restriction: mL day (for anything except perfusion problem) 13. What are the 2 most common causes of CKD?: -HTN -Uncontrolled diabetes 14. What is azotemia?: Nitrogenous waste build up 15. What are manifestations of uremia?: •Metallic taste in mouth • Anorexia • Nausea/vomiting • Muscle cramps • Uremic frost on skin • Itching • Fatigue and lethargy • Hiccups • Edema • Dyspnea • Paresthesia's 16. What effects can CKD have on the cardiac system: -HTN -Heart failure (major problem. Call the doctor) -Pericarditis 17. What effects can CKD have on the Integumentary system: -Uremic frost 18. What are the dietary restrictions on CKD?: -Protein (restrict early in disease process to preserve kidney function) -Potassium -Fluid -Sodium 19. Describe hemodialysis: -3x a week- 4-5 hours -At risk for bleeding do to heparin -Extremely fatigued post. -Vitals and weight before and after -Slight fever post is normal. Monitor. 20. Describe peritoneal dialysis: -Sterile procedure at home where catheter is placed into the abdomen -Wear a mask -Solution ma