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Summary Thermodynamics basic laws and equations
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Thermodynamics basic laws and equations
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Thermodynamics: Importance at a glanceThermodynamics is the area of physics that examines the macroscopic
characteristics of systems experiencing temperature and pressure changes as
well as the study of energy, heat, and work. The way matter and energy behave
in different physical processes is determined by this fundamental theory. Four
fundamental laws and ideas are frequently used to explain thermodynamics:
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics:
If two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system,
then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
This law introduces the concept of temperature and allows the
definition of temperature scales.
First Law of Thermodynamics (Law of Energy Conservation):
The total energy of an isolated system is constant.
Energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings
in the form of heat and work.
The mathematical expression is
ΔU=Q−W, where
ΔU is the change in internal energy,
Q is the heat added to the system, and
W is the work done by the system.
Second Law of Thermodynamics:
Heat naturally flows from a region of higher temperature to a
region of lower temperature.
No process is possible whose sole result is the complete conversion
of heat into work.
The second law is often stated in terms of entropy, a measure of the
disorder or randomness in a system. In any energy transfer or
transformation, if no energy enters or leaves the system, the
potential energy of the state will always be less than that of the
initial state, indicating an increase in entropy.
Third Law of Thermodynamics:
As the temperature of a system approaches absolute zero (0 K), the
entropy of the system approaches a minimum value.
This law helps in understanding the behaviour of systems at
extremely low temperatures.
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