NURS 350 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM WITH CORRECT ANSWERS [ARIZONA COLLEGE OF NURSING]
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Course
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Institution
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Define hypersensitivity Altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease or damage to individual (strong genetic linkage)
2 alternate names for type 1 hypersensitivity Immediate hypersensitivity or IgE mediated reactions most common allergic reactions are type 1
Mechanisms of ty...
Altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease or damage to individual (strong
genetic linkage)
2 alternate names for type 1 hypersensitivity
Immediate hypersensitivity or IgE mediated reactions
most common allergic reactions are type 1
Mechanisms of type 1 response
1. Sensitizing exposure
2. Re exposure (immediate response and longer term response)
Sensitizing exposure (type 1 mechanism)
- Helper 2 t cells help b lymphocytes differentiate into plasma cells which produce IgE
- IgE's Fc portion (stem) binds to mast cells
- When enough IgE is bound, person is sensitized to antigen
Re exposure (type 1 mechanism) - 2 types
Immediate response and longer term response
Immediate response (re exposure)
symptoms <5 mins
- Antigen binds to IgE which is bound to mast cells
- Mast cell release granule contents (degranulation), release histamine, which leads to inflammation
Longer term response (re exposure)
8-12 hours after, lasts 24-36 hours
- Mast cells generate leukotrienes/prostaglandins and platelet activating factor which lead to further
inflammation.
- Local/systemic effects occur (tears/mucus secretion)
Ab (IgG/IgM) bind to Ag on tissue cell surface and:
- Cause phagocytosis (opsonization)
- Activate complement (result: phagocytosis/cell lysis)
- E.g., blood transfusion reaction
Inflammation (type 2 mechanism)
- When Ab are bound to extracellular connective tissue
- Ab activate complement which cause inflammatory response (activating mast cells - releasing
histamine and acting as chemokines to attract monocytes/neutrophils)
- Cell injury results from release of proteases
- E.g., Goodpasture syndrome
Altered cell metabolism (type 2 mechanism)
- Ab attach to receptors on cell surface which change cell function (2 ways)
- 1. Replacing chemical that normally fits in receptor (ligand), which inappropriately stimulates cell (e.g.,
graves disease - thyroid gland is stimulated inappropriately to produce thyroid hormone)
- 2. Blocking/destroying receptor (e.g., myasthenia gravis - acetylcholine receptors on muscle cells are
blocked)
Where are Ag located that react with Ab in type 3 response
Ab-ag complexes formed in circulation then deposited on cell surface
Type 3 hypersensitivity (name)
Immune complex mediated hypersensitivity
General mechanism of type 3 response with example
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