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NURS 350 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM STUDY GUIDE [ ARIZONA COLLEGE OF NURSING] $15.99   Add to cart

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NURS 350 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM STUDY GUIDE [ ARIZONA COLLEGE OF NURSING]

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Hypertrophy - Increase in cell size - results in enlarged tissue mass Causes of hypertrophy - Additional work by the tissue Excessive hormonal stimulation Examples of hypertrophy - Enlarged heart resulting from increased demands Effect of consistent exercise on skeletal muscle, leading to ...

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  • January 27, 2024
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  • 2023/2024
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Pathophysiology (NURS 350) Study
Guide Exam 1
Hypertrophy - Increase in cell size - results in enlarged tissue mass



Causes of hypertrophy - Additional work by the tissue

Excessive hormonal stimulation



Examples of hypertrophy - Enlarged heart resulting from increased demands

Effect of consistent exercise on skeletal muscle, leading to an enlarged muscle mass



Atrophy - Decrease in cell size - results in reduced tissue mass



Causes of atrophy - Reduced use of the tissue

Insufficient nutrition

Decreased neurologic or hormonal stimulation

Aging



Example of atrophy - Shrinkage of skeletal muscle that occurs when a limb is immobilized in a cast for
several weeks



Hyperplasia - Increase in number of cells - results in enlarged tissue mass



Cause of hyperplasia - Compensatory mechanism to meet increased demand or pathologic when there is
a hormonal imbalance



In some cases ________ and _______ can occur simultaneously, as in the uterine enlargement that
occurs during pregnancy - Hyperplasia and hypertrophy

,Metaplasia - Mature cell type that is replaced by a different mature cell type

Adaptive mechanism that provides more resistance tissue



Example of metaplasia - Smoker cells



Dysplasia - Abnormal growth or development of a tissue or organ

Cells vary in size and shape within a tissue

Large nuclei are frequently present

Rate of mitosis is increased



Causes of dysplasia - Chronic irritation

Infection

Precancerous change



Neoplasia - "New growth" or tumor



Ischemia - Deficient of oxygen in the cells



Most common cause of cell damage - Ischemia



Hypoxia - Deficiency in amount of oxygen in the tissues



Causes of cell damage - - Ischemia



- Hypoxia



- Physical damage (excessive heat or cold; radiation exposure)



- Mechanical damage (pressure of tearing tissue)

, - Chemical toxins



- Microorganisms



- Abnormal metabolites



- Nutritional deficits



- Imbalance of fluids or electrolytes



Stages of cell damage - Reversible and irreversible



Reversible cell damage - Alteration of metabolic reaction, temporary loss of function



Irreversible cell damage - Cell dies



Necrosis - Group of cells die



Fluid compartments - Intercellular fluid (ICF) compartment



Extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment



Extracellular fluid compartments - Intravascular fluid (IVF) or blood/plasma



Interstital fluid (ISF) or intercellular fluid



Control of Fluid Balance - - the thirst mechanism in the hypothalmus

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