NURS 350 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 2024[ARIZONA COLLEGE OF NURSING]
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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Pathophysiology Exam Questions
1. The disease: definition, stage. The etiology. Pathogenesis.
2. Terminal states: preahoniya, agony, clinical death, biological death. The most important methods of resuscitation.
3. Pathogenic effect of thermal factors, hyper- and hypothermia, frostbite and burns...
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Pathophysiology Exam Questions
1. The disease: definition, stage. The etiology. Pathogenesis.
2. Terminal states: preahoniya, agony, clinical death, biological death. The most important methods of resuscitation.
3. Pathogenic effect of thermal factors, hyper- and hypothermia, frostbite and burns, cold. Using high and low
temperatures in medicine.
4. Types of ionizing radiation. The primary mechanism of action of ionizing radiation.
Mutagenic, carcinogenic and somatic effect of ionizing radiation.
5. The forms of acute radiation sickness. Stage bone-marrow form of acute radiation disease.
6. Pathogenic action of chemical factors. Exogenous and endogenous poisons. The addiction to toxins, alcoholism, drug
addiction, substance abuse.
7. Pathogenic effect of biological factors to species. Ways generalization of infection.
The interaction of micro- and macro- organisms.
8. Types of mutations. The most important mutagens.
9. Methods of diagnosis of hereditary diseases.
10. Type the transmission of hereditary diseases.
11. Chromosomal diseases: Down syndrome, Klainfelter, Turner, trisomy X.
12. The principles of prevention and treatment of hereditary diseases.
13. Individual reactivity. Its dependence on age, gender, heredity, environmental factors.
14. Age reactivity. Violation of the nervous, endocrine and immune system with aging.
15. Phagocytosis: definition, stages and mechanisms.
16. The system of mononuclear phagocytes.
17. Immunodeficiency disease. Classification, examples.
18. Immunosuppressive conditions. AIDS.
Q19. Allergies, Definition, causes and classification of allergic reactions by Coombs and Gel?
Allergy is a damaging immune response by the body to substances (Allergens) in the environment that are harmless to
most people
Allergens include:
Domestic allergen: mainly domestic dust which include particles, bed cloth, furniture and bacteria
Epidermal allergens: causes sensitization of epidermis e.g. scurf, wool, bird, fish, scales
Officinal allergens: due to medicines and their metabolites usually haptens
Pollen allergens: due to pollen
Food allergens: due to foods such as milk, eggs, fish, peanuts
Industrial allergens: mostly haptens e.g. resin, glue, latex
Allergens of infectious origin: includes fungi and bacteria that cause chronic diseases such as tuberculosis
Classification of Allergic reaction
Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4
Other names Immediate/ Cytotoxic Immune-complex Delayed/ T cell
, Anaphylactic mediated
Antigen Free, foreign Fixed, Free endogenous
antigen endogenous (self) or free exogenous
antigen antigen
Antibody IgE fixed on mast IgG/ IgM – free in IgG/ IgM – free in NO Antibody,
cells in connective circulation circulation instead T Cells
tissues or and Antigen
basophils in presenting cells
circulation
Immune response Antigen bound IgE IgM or IgG binds The antigen and Macrophages
activates the to host cell antibody react presents antigens.
release of surface activating together and Activating T cells
histamines and complement and circulate in the and producing
other mediators producing MAC blood the lymphokine
from mast cells mediated cell antibody-antigen mediated tissue
and basophils destruction complex eventually destrution
gets deposited in
various tissues
causing damage
Examples Anaphylaxis, Hemolytic Serum sickness, Leprosy,
Atopic allergy, anemia, Glomerulonephritis Tuberculosis, PPD
food allergy Erythroblastosis tuberculin test
pollen
Q20. Stages of allergic Reaction?
Entering into an organism the antigen/allergen causes sensitization which is an immunological rising of an organism’s
sensitiveness to the antigen/allergen which can be exogenous or endogenous. There are 3 stages of allergic reactions:
1. Immunological stage: all the changes In the immune system during the oenetration of an allergen into the
organism, formation of antibodies or sensitized lymphocytes and their binding with the repeatedly entering
antigen
2. Pathochemical Stage: formation of biological active substances. The stimulus to their formation is the binding of
an allergen to antibodies or sensitized lymphocytes at the end of immunological stage
3. Pathophysiology stage: the pathogenic action of formed mediators on cells, organs and tissues of organisms
with clinical display
Q21. Autoallergy, Mechanism of formation?
Autoallergy is due to altered reactivity in which antibodies are produced against an individual’s own tissues causing a
destructive rather that a protective effect. It’s an obsolete term
Autoimmune disease is a condition arising from an abnormal response to a normal body part e.g. diabetes 1, Graves
disease and multiple sclerosis
Autoimmune disease occurs when our immune system loses its natural immunological tolerance to healthy self-cells.
Possible causes of autoimmune disease are:
Genetic mutations: on DNA coding for MHC – hence self-antigen can’t be displayed on MHC of healthy cells due
to a defect
Infections: if the displayed pathogenic antigen on an MHC of an infected cell is similar to a displayed self-antigen
of a healthy cell. The produced antibodies might bind to both of them marking them for destruction by white
blood cells e.g. rheumatic heart disease
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