Summary Human Development (AB_1140) partial exam 1+2+3
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Course
Human Developement (AB_1140)
Institution
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)
Book
Larsen\'s Human Embryology
Complete summary of the Human Development course (AB_1140) from the 1st year of biomedical sciences, VU Amsterdam. This summary contains all the information needed for partial exam 1, 2 and 3, and includes all the material from the lectures and the book that was required for this course. This summa...
TesT Bank for Larsen’s Human Embryology, 5th Edition, Gary Schoenwolf
Lecture 7 -- Human Development -- Formation of the placenta
Lecture 6 -- Human Development -- Making of the embryo
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Biomedical Sciences
Human Developement (AB_1140)
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Human Development summary
(exam 1+2+3)
1
,Lecture 2a | Male reproduction 3
Lecture 2b | Female reproduction 7
Lecture 3 | Endocrinology 11
Lecture 4 | Fertilization 14
Lecture 5 | Week 1 & 2 of development (part 1) 17
Lecture 6 | Fertile or not 19
Lecture 7 | Gene expression 22
Lecture 9 | Week 2 of development (part 2) 24
Lecture 10 | Teratogens 27
Lecture 11 | Zebra sh development 29
Lecture 12 | Week 3 & 4 of development 32
Lecture 13 | Twinning and genetics 36
Lecture 15 | Body cavities 40
Lecture 16 | Genetics, sex & gender 41
Lecture 17+18 | Urogenital system 46
Lecture 19 | Cardiovascular system 1 52
Lecture 20 | Cardiovascular system 2 56
Lecture 21 | Skeleton 58
Lecture 22 | Lungs (and digestive system) 62
Lecture 23 | Prenatal diagnostics 64
Lecture 24a | Development of the brain 68
Lecture 24b | Development of the brain 72
Lecture 25 | Peripheral nervous system 75
Lecture 26 | Plasticity & hormonal in uence of the brain 77
Lecture 27 | 2nd+3rd trimester & birth 80
2
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,Lecture 2a | Male reproduction
- Human reproductive system:
- Male and female reproductive system
- Female produces 1 gamete per month: retains and nurtures zygote
- Male disseminates large quantities of games: produces 1/2 billion sperm per day
- Functions in gamete
- Production
- Storage
- Nourishment
- Transport
- Fertilization: fusion of male and female gametes to form zygote
- Gonads: organs that produce gametes and hormones
- Ducts: receive and transport gametes
- Accessory glands: secrete uids into ducts
- Perineal structures: external genitalia
- Sides and sections:
- Cranial — head
- Dorsal — back
- Caudal — tail
- Ventral — belly
- Anterior (front) vs posterior (back)
- Inferior (bottom) vs superior (top)
- Sagittal plane: cut inferior to superior; separating left from right
- Coronal plane: cut inferior to superior; separating anterior from posterior
- Transverse plane: cut horizontally
- Proximal: close to center of body
- Distal: far from center of body
- Parasagittal: cut parallel to midsagittal section but displaced to right/left of midline
- Male reproductive system:
- Gonads (reproductive organs): produce gametes and hormones (testes)
- Ducts for transport of gametes (vas/ductus deferens)
- Accessory organs ( uid production); 3 glands:
- Seminal vesicles
- Prostate gland
- Bulbourethral glands (Cowper)
- External genitalia (penis and scrotal sac that encloses testes)
- Pathway of spermatozoa: testis within epididymis -> ductus deferens -> ejaculatory
duct and penile urethra
> Fluids secreted from seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands
> Spermatozoa development require temperature ~1.1ºC lower than normal body
temperature; cremaster and dartos muscles relax/contract to regulate
temperature
- Inguinal canals are passageways through abdominal musculature for testes descent;
closed later in life; risk of Inguinal Hernia
- Brain, hormones and male reproductive system:
- Hypothalamus -> (anterior) pituitary -> adrenal glands / testes -> reproductive glands
- Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates secretion of gonadotropic
hormones (FSH+LH) from anterior pituitary, which stimulate production of testosterone;
circulating testosterone acts as negative feedback loop to down-regulate GnRH
expression
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), also made by pituitary, stimulates androgen
synthesis in adrenal gland
- Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone bind to androgen receptor, causing increased
expression of androgen-responsive genes and leading to cell growth
3
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, - Structure of testes:
- Seminiferous tubules: spermatozoa production, via rete testis to ependymis
- Tunica albuginea is connective tissue that supports blood+lymphatic vessels, drains
e erent ductules which transport spermatozoa to ependymis
- Spermatogenesis:
- Begins at puberty when hormones become active
- Seminiferous tubules:
- Contain spermatogonia (= male germ cells)
- Stem cells involved in spermatogenesis
- Production of spermatozoa
- Contain sustentacular/Sertoli cells
- Sustain+promote development of sperm
- Development from outside to inside (lumen) of cell: spermatogonia (division by
mitosis), one of which proceeds to primary spermatocytes (division by meiosis)
-> secondary spermatocytes -> spermatids -> spermatozoa
> Development of spermatozoa alongside sustentacular cells
- Gamete production (haploid cells) are produced from diploid cells
- Some spermatogonia continually duplicate themselves (via mitosis; type A) throughout
a male’s reproductive life (maintain population) = self renewal; symmetric division
- Other spermatogonia (type B) are destined to develop into sperm (via meiosis) = when
di erent fates; asymmetric division
> Meiosis:
- Products are not identical to parent cell or to each other
- Males produce spermatozoa
- 2 rounds of division necessary
- Recombination (crossing over during late prophase) occurs in rst steps ->
creates 4 di erent copies of each chromosome every time meiosis occurs
> Crossing over can happen during tetrad (= matched set of 4
chromatids)
- To increase genetic variation in zygote due to fusion of maternal+paternal
DNA, segregation + independent assortment, recombination, random
fertilization
> First chromosomes and then alleles randomly distributed
> Number of di erent types of gametes = 2n (n being number of
homologous pairs)
- Maternal+paternal chromosomes come together in process of synapsis
- Meiosis I is reductional division: reduces number of chromosomes from
diploid to haploid
- Meiosis II is equational division: number of chromosomes is unchanged
- 5 steps in spermatogenesis (9 weeks for complete development):
1. Stem cells (spermatogonia) divide by mitosis
- To produce 2 diploid daughter cells: 1 remains as spermatogonium,
second di erentiates into primary spermatocyte
- Occurs throughout adult life
- 1 daughter cell from each division remains in place for future division
2. Primary spermatocytes
- Begin meiosis I
- Form secondary spermatocytes when meiosis I nished
3. Secondary spermatocytes
- Di erentiate into spermatids (meiosis II nished, but immature gametes)
4. Spermatids
- Di erentiate into spermatozoa = spermiogenesis
5. Spermatozoa
- Lose contact with wall of seminiferous tubule = spermiation
- Enter uid in lumen
4
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