INST335 Exam 2 Review, With Complete Solution

INST335 Exam 2 Review, With Complete Solution What are the four project life-cycle phases? The four phases are as follows: Initiation - This is when the project's brief description and other aspects are laid out and a determination of the solution's viability is made. Planning - This is where the project solution is further developed in as much detail as possible and the steps necessary to meet the project's objective are planned. Implementation - This is where the project plan is laid out and the work on the project begins. Closure - This is where the final deliverable is delivered to stakeholders and an analysis of lessons learned is done. Anissa, a project manager for Realtime Results, Inc., is facing a situation where the client is asking for more features for their database application than initially planned. What situation is Anissa facing? The client's behavior represents the notion of scope creep, where there are new requirements that created during a project. Why is communication important to any organization? Communication is important to organizations because, it helps transmit information, coordinate effort and lastly share emotions and feelings. Effective communication helps employees understand issues, build rapport with co-workers and achieve consensus. What are the forms of decision making according to Bauer et al.? The three forms of decision making are: 1. autocratic decision-making: This is where the leaders make decisions without the involvement of employees. 2. democratic decision-making: This decision making form allows employees to participate in decision making. 3. laissez-faire decision-making: This decision making form allows the employees to make decisions without much aid or assistance from the leader. What is corporate social responsibility? CSR is how companies manage their business processes to positively impact society. Is jargon the same as information overload? No both these terms refer to different problems that arise in communication. Jargon is when people do not understand certain terms because it is used more frequently within people of the same profession, while information overload results from being unable to understand too much information at the same time. How does a project team develop a project schedule? A project schedule is created when the team conducts an analysis of the project's scope, contract and other information that helps define the deliverables needed for the project. How are the two project methodologies Agile and the waterfall approach? The agile methodology is a more adaptive approach where the project's requirements, scope and fundability have uncertainty, there are unexperienced teams which self manage themselves, and the product is delivered incrementally. On the other hand, the waterfall approach is used in situations where project and product requirements can be defined, collected and analyzed at the beginning of a project; The uncertainty is reduced at the beginning stage, as well. Sam is looking for articles on the web that will help him do research. He comes across a Wikipedia article where he finds significant information, but can't seem to verify the author's credibility. What barrier of communication is being demonstrated and why? In this problem, the problem of lack of source credibility is what's causing Sam to not find out if the author is reliable or not. The communication between the audience and the article was not done properly in that the author didn't specify his credentials and that caused the problem. What is the difference between the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) chart and a Gantt chart? The difference between these two charts is that the work breakdown structure chart into manageable and logically ordered tasks and subtasks, and the Gantt chart describes tasks that must be completed in relation to one another. What is the definition of negotiation? A process in which two or more parties exchange goods and agree on an exchange rate for them. What are the steps in the conflict process? The steps of conflict are: 1. Potential opposition or incompatibility - This is where the conditions for a conflict emerge among the group or people. 2. Cognition and personalization - In this stage, the two parties/individuals feel a conflict; they perceive that there is a misunderstanding that must be resolved and have emotional involvement in the conflict. 3. Intentions - This stage is where the intentions of each side are known. 4. Behavior - This stage is where a conflict becomes visible in the form of statements, actions and reactions made by conflicting parties. 5. Outcomes - This is the stage where there is an outcome caused by the conflict; this can be functional or dysfunctional. Sofia is trying to sell a used laptop to Darius; they are haggling over the price. Sofia wants at least $100, but Darius doesn't want to spend more than $110. This type of negotiation is called: This situation is called distributive bargaining, because, over here there is a situation where Sofia wants to sell the laptop for 100$, but Darius does not have that much money. Overall this would be a situation where one party gains something in exchange for a loss for the other side. What are the four steps in organizational control? The four steps are: (1) establish standards, (2) measure performance, (3) compare performance to standards, and then (4) take corrective action as needed What is the definition of Corporate Social Performance?