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SAMENVATTING transport economics
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Transport economicsInhoud
Chapter 1. Background economics.........................................................................................................3
Derived demand.................................................................................................................................3
The traffic and transportation system................................................................................................3
Transportation subsystems................................................................................................................4
Measuring transport and transportation performance......................................................................5
Chapter 2. Demand for transport...........................................................................................................5
Introduction........................................................................................................................................5
Types transport modelling..................................................................................................................6
Classical 4(5)-step model................................................................................................................6
Chapter 3. Demand for transport.........................................................................................................10
Micro-economic approach to transport choice behaviour...........................................................10
Activity-based approach...............................................................................................................11
Een voorbeeld: freight transport in Europe......................................................................................12
Conclusion on demand analysis........................................................................................................12
Hoofdstuk 4. Transport policy..............................................................................................................13
Favoured tool for political objectives...............................................................................................13
Regional development..................................................................................................................13
Social objectives...........................................................................................................................14
Employment objectives................................................................................................................14
First-best optimum...........................................................................................................................15
First-best measures......................................................................................................................15
Second-best measures..................................................................................................................15
Second-best optimum......................................................................................................................15
Link with other lectures....................................................................................................................16
Werkcollege......................................................................................................................................16
Hoofdstuk 5. Transport supply.............................................................................................................17
Outputs, inputs and heterogeneity..................................................................................................17
Output unit...................................................................................................................................17
Inputs in the production of transport...........................................................................................17
Heterogeneity...............................................................................................................................17
Cost allocation in joint production processes...............................................................................18
Use of cost functions........................................................................................................................18
1
, Cost concept and methods...........................................................................................................18
Econometric cost functions..........................................................................................................18
Calculating relevant indicators.....................................................................................................19
Supply and policy..............................................................................................................................19
Hoofdstuk 6. Equilibrium and market forces........................................................................................20
The vicious circle..............................................................................................................................20
Lagged response...........................................................................................................................20
Theory of the vicious circle...........................................................................................................20
General analysis............................................................................................................................21
Market structures.............................................................................................................................21
Modelling market structures........................................................................................................21
An application: liner shipping.......................................................................................................22
Chapter 7. Charging for external costs.................................................................................................22
Justification...................................................................................................................................22
Composition of marginal external cost.........................................................................................23
Marginal congestion cost..............................................................................................................23
Marginal environmental costs......................................................................................................23
Marginal infrastructure cost.........................................................................................................23
Marginal accidental costs.............................................................................................................24
Second best solutions...................................................................................................................24
Chapter 8. Pricing policy.......................................................................................................................24
Marginal cost rule.............................................................................................................................24
Second-best solutions.......................................................................................................................26
Summary..........................................................................................................................................30
Chapter 9. Infrastructure policy............................................................................................................30
Introduction......................................................................................................................................30
Direct costs and benefits..................................................................................................................30
Benefits: new toll road.................................................................................................................31
Benefits: quality improvement of toll road, constant toll.............................................................31
Benefits: quality improvement of toll road, increased toll...........................................................31
Benefits: increased capacity of an infrastructure.........................................................................31
Direct costs...................................................................................................................................31
Demand and supply in transportation..........................................................................................32
Indirect costs and benefits...............................................................................................................32
Erroneous calculations..................................................................................................................32
Conclusion....................................................................................................................................33
2
, Measuring willingness-to-pay...........................................................................................................33
Methods.......................................................................................................................................33
Discounting.......................................................................................................................................34
1. Interest rate on government bonds..........................................................................................34
2. Corporate rate of return...........................................................................................................34
3. Social versus personal discount rate.........................................................................................35
4. Pigouvian discount rate............................................................................................................35
Project selection...............................................................................................................................35
Misleading rules of thumb............................................................................................................35
Correct criteria..............................................................................................................................35
Multicriteria analysis........................................................................................................................38
Chapter 1. Background economics
Derived demand
Transport = een derived demand, het komt voort vanuit de vraag naar goederen, dan pas is er
transport nodig, verkeer en vervoer ontstaan bijna nooit spontaan, zijn het gevolg van een andere
primaire behoefte aan goederen en diensten
Dg = demand goods
Sa = supply
A = balance between demand and supply
C&K = customers that are willing to pay more
A-A-P = WtP = Willing to Pay
L is willing to give a lower price (producer surplus)
Imagine a supplier L and a customer K this is the amount
that they are willing to pay for transport and that is available
People (K) are willing to pay an amount M for transport
Verkeer en vervoer vertoont dus een intermediair karakter en is een afgeleide behoefte (afgeleid
karakter)
Grafische analyse: het afgeleide karakter van de vervoersvraag
- Uitgangssituatie: een goed wordt geleverd in Antwerpen en gevraagd in Gent, en het goed
moet dus vervoerd worden
- Stap 1: beschouw een hoeveelheid X (minder dan Y) er is dus meer aanbod dan vraag
- Stap 2: bepaal de leveringsprijs OB (ligt laag)
- Stap 3: bepaal de betalingsbereidheid OC (is groot)
- Stap 4: OC - OB geeft de basis voor de berekening van de MAXIMALE transportkosten
- Stap 5: leid Dt af (demand of transport)
- Stap 6: ga uit van St (supply of transport) (stijgende curve en gebaseerd op marginale kosten)
- Stap 7: bepaal E (nieuw kwantiteitsevenwicht, rekening houdend met de transportkosten)
The traffic and transportation system
Het verschil tussen verkeer en vervoer
Het verkeer/traffic bestaat uit 2 componenten
3
,(a) Vervoermiddelen (means of transport): mobiele kapitaalgoederen zoals voertuigen, treinen,
schepen, vliegtuigen, enz.
(b) Infrastructuur: vaste kapitaalgoederen
(a) en b) zijn PERMANENTE COMPONENTEN en resulteren in een zogenaamde verkeersprestatie.
- Vb. de nieuwe tram heeft een verkeersprestatie van 48 vaste en 24 klapstoelen plus ruimte
voor 330 staande passagiers
Vervoer/transportation houdt rekening met de twee permanente componenten van het verkeer
plus de VARIABELE COMPONENTENLAST
(c) Belasting/load
- Vb. De nieuwe tram heeft een (gemiddelde) vervoersprestatie van 2.000 passagiers op lijn 1
in Gent op maandagavond
Transportation subsystems
Indeling naar soort lading:
A. Personenvervoer/passenger tranport (belangrijk omdat het gevolgen kan hebben)
Individueel Gemeenschappelijk/
common
Private Auto, fiets, motor Schoolbus
Public Taxi Trein, tram, bus
Public: door de overheid opgelegde regels, gebruikt door meerdere mensen tegelijk...
B. Goederenvervoer/freight transport
Bulklading: goederen die in grote hoeveelheden en zonder verpakking worden vervoerd
- Droge bulkgoederen: niet-vloeibare goederen (bv. ijzererts, steenkool en graan)
- Vloeibare bulkgoederen: bv. ruwe olie, aardolieproducten, chemicaliën
- Geen koffie, want moet nog veranderd worden
Algemene lading: goederen die per stuk of pakket worden verzonden
- Break-bulk: goederen in kleine verpakkingen, d.w.z. zakken en dozen, die met behulp van
scheepskranen op pallets geladen en gelost worden (bijv. meel, suiker, fruit)
- Neo-bulk: diverse goederen die als één stuk worden vervoerd en behandeld (bijv.
staalproducten, zware machines)
- Roll-on / roll-off: vrachtwagens en personenauto's die via hellingen op en van schepen
worden gereden
- Containers
Indeling naar vervoerswijze:
A. Personenvervoer
Belangrijke criteria: prijs, comfort, toegankelijkheid en snelheid
De relatie tussen toegankelijkheid en snelheid is vaak omgekeerd
- Personenauto's hebben een bijna onbeperkte toegankelijkheid (zowel in tijd als in ruimte) in
vergelijking met treinen en trams (vanwege de rasterachtige infrastructuur).
- Hoe zit het echter, gezien de verkeerscongestie, met de snelheid van het vervoer?
Gebruik van ruimte door verschillende vervoerswijzen in het personenvervoer?
Ruimte nodig om 10.000 Aantal voertuigen nodig Gemiddelde
passagiers per uur te om 1.000 passagiers te bezettingsgraad per
vervoeren vervoeren voertuig
Auto 6-10 lanes 700 1,4 passengers
Bus 2-5 lanes 20 50%
Tram 1-2 tracks 13 75%
Underground 1 track / /
B. Goederenvervoer
Modale keuze = f(soort goederen, vervoersafstand)
Goederensoort Afstand
4
, Continental Intercontinental
Waardevolle goederen 1st: road transport 1st: sea-transport
Bederfelijke goederen 2nd: rail transport 2nd: air transport
Breekbare goederen
Niet-waardeerbare goederen Inland navigation (i.e. inland 1st: sea-transport
(bulkgoederen) waterways) and train 2nd: air transport
Geregeld en niet-geregeld vervoer
Geregeld vervoer: openbaar vervoer en lijnvlucht (je kunt voorspellen wanneer welk vervoer komt)
Niet-geregeld vervoer: niet volgens een vast schema (vb. Een taxi, die moet je plannen)
- Bijv. binnenvaart en zeevaart: "wilde vaart"
- Bijv. luchtvervoer: "chartervaart"
Eigen rekening vs. Derde dienstverlener (zij huren een partij in om vervoer voor hun rekening te
nemen)
Measuring transport and transportation performance
Vraag: Welke eenheden worden in de transportsector gebruikt om "mobiliteit" uit te drukken?
Eerste methode: vervoerde hoeveelheid
FIRST METHOD Traffic performance Transportation performance
Passenger transport Number of seats (s) Number of passengers (p)
Commodity transport Capacity-tonne (Ct) Quantity transported (tonne)
As a government you are more interested in the seats, you want to knwo what tranport comes in
your country and how much
More than 40% of the trucks is unloaded, is empty
Tweede methode: vervoerde hoeveelheid EN vervoersafstand
SECOND METHOD Traffic performance Transportation performance
Passenger transport Number of seat-kilometres (skm) Number of passenger-kilometres
(pkm)
Commodity transport Capacity tonne-kilometres (Ctkm) Tonne-kilometres (tkm)
Vraag 1: One person travels in a private car (5 seats available) for 100 km
- Question: How much is the skm?
- Question: How much is the pkm?
- Question: How much traffic do we have?
- Question: How much transportation do we have?
- Question: How efficient is our system?
Vraag 2: 200 passengers travel on the underground for 10 kilometer. They use 20% of the capacity.
- Question: What is skm?
- Question: What is the pkm?
- Question: How much traffic do we have?
- Question: How much transportation do we have?
Chapter 2. Demand for transport
Introduction
Wat moeten we kennen:
- Inzicht in de huidige vraag naar vervoer
- De toekomstige vraag naar vervoer voorspellen
- Personen- en/of goederenvervoer
- Confrontatie met vervoersaanbod (bv. infrastructuur)
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