Nation at risk - 1983 - federal findings and recommendations
Goals - federal findings and recommendations emph math sci
Horizontal organization - Different subjects support each other at the same time
Vertical organization - Instruction supports future learning
Curriculum scope - breadth and d...
Curriculum integration - ✔✔linking concepts, skills and experiences
Curriculum continuity - ✔✔content flows from one grade level to the next
Curriculum articulation - ✔✔interrelationship both vertical and horizontal
Subject centered - ✔✔essential knowledge organized by subject
Discipline design - ✔✔organize content for understanding and application viewing the subject as a
discipline
, Broad field design - ✔✔Related subjects are grouped ie social studies encompasses history, civics,
geography
Process design - ✔✔based on learning learning strategies which can be applied in any context
Law of readiness - ✔✔Students must be ready to learn
Law of exercise - ✔✔Repetition, duration and intensity
Law of effect - ✔✔satisfaction strengthens the connection
Classical Conditioning - ✔✔Pavlov - positive stimuli leads to learning
Operant Conditioning - ✔✔Skinner - reinforcers, positive reinforcer, + a reward, negative reinforcer, - a
consequence, positive punishment + a consequence, negative punishment - a reward
Observational learning and modeling - ✔✔Students learn by modeling others
Hierarchical learning theories - ✔✔Gagne - an ordered set of skills, knowledge, thinking strategies,
motor skills, and attitudes learned through positive experiences
Cognitive development theories - ✔✔focus on how humans develop cognitive, social, psychological and
physical improvements, whole child
Piaget - ✔✔Growth occurs in stages - sensory motor (0-2), pre-operational, experiential (2-7), concrete
operational (7-11) formal operational (11+) formal and abstract operations
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