Dit is een uitgebreide samenvatting van het vak Forensische psychologie. Deze samenvatting omvat alles wat je moet kennen voor het examen toegepaste psychologie. De samenvatting is in het Engels geschreven, maar de vertaling staat bij de moeilijke woorden.
- Forensic psychology ≠ forensic science or law enforcement
- (Forensic) psychologist studies human behavior
- Tries to apply psychological principles to assist legal system (=rechtsysteem)
Forensic:
‘forensis’ (in latijn) Of the forum
Letterlijke betekenis: Related to the law
HISTORY
- Middle Ages and earlier: good and wrong related to religion, demons, witches, sinners ... bv de reden waarom iemand
iets slecht deed, was omdat er een demoon in zijn hoofd zat
o However: individual liability (individuele aansprakelijkheid, de persoon blijft verantwoordelijk voor de daden )
- End of Middle Ages: first use of ‘insanity’ (=maybe in some cases, a person doesn’t know what he is doing)
- 19th century: Lombroso: criminal atavism
o Criminals could be recognized to their physical anomalies (Fysieke aandoeningen = volgens Lombrosso kon je
zo criminelen herkennen. “die heeft een scheve neus, dat is een crimineel”)
o Bv dieven hadden dikke wenkbrouwen. Verkrachters dikke lippen,…
- 19th century: development of theories around insanity (=ontoerekeningsvatbaar) and criminal behavior 1879: First
laboratory for experimental psychology (W. Wundt) (belangrijke dag voor alle psychologen)
- 1908: ‘On the witness stand’ (Munsterberg) = birth of forensic psychology
o Series of essays to describe research on eyewitness testimony, false confessions and uses of psychology in
legal problems
- 20th century: psychologists were more and more called upon to apply their (rudimentary) knowledge to the legal
system as expert (e.g., testifying as expert witness)
o Psychology = a tool in arriving at fair and just legal outcomes
- Jenkins v. United States (1962): court ruled that psychological testimony could be admitted to determine criminal
responsibility (i.e., insanity) → Forensic psychologists now routinely testify in insanity cases after evaluating defendants
STANLEY MILGTAM EXPERIMENTS (1961)
= Test met de shokken, fake persoon die doet alsof hij pijn heeft terwijl de proefpersoon hem de shokken toedient. Veel van de
proefpersonen bleef op aanvraag van de leider de persoon pijn doen.
Vergelijking met forensische psychologie: niet al die proefpersonen waren ‘slechte personen’. Hoe komt dit dan?
Mensen doen dingen die ze nooit hadden verwacht onder gezag van iemand die bv dokter is en een witte jas draagt
Some criminal behaviors happens under circumstances
STANFORD PRISON EXPERIMENT
“I offer a psychological account of how ordinary people sometimes turn evil and commit unspeakable acts. As part of this
account, The Lucifer Effect tells, for the first time, the full story behind the Stanford Prison Experiment, a now-classic study I
conducted in 1971. In that study, normal college students were randomly assigned to play the role of guard or inmate for two
weeks in a simulated prison, yet the guards quickly became so brutal that the experiment had to be shut down after only six
days.” (Philip Zimbardo)
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, Again: for example, het gebeurd door de groepsdruk en niet perse door de persoon zelf. Ze doen dingen die ze nooit
hadden verwacht van hunzelf
CURRENT SITUATION
Forensic psychology has only been recognized as a specialization in 2001 by the American Psychological Association
Bv hoe gevaarlijk is de persoon, zou de persoon het nog is doen,…?
Je ontmoet een persoon en je probeert te begrijpen wat er in zijn/haar hoofd speelt. Of proberen om haar gedrag te
kunnen verklaren
THERAPEUTIC VS. FORENSIC ASSESSMENT
Differences in:
- Goal (reduce psy. suffering = psychisch lijden vs. addressing legal question = juridische vraag beantwoorden)
o Bij therapie wil je weten wat er mis is, zodat je de behandeling erop kan afstemmen
o Bij forensische: niet perse of die schuldig is of niet. Maar hoe functioneert de persoon, is deze
ontoerekeningsvatbaar of niet
- Relationship (care and support vs. investigative and truth seeking)
o In forensische wil je echt de waarheid weten
- Client (examinee vs. whoever pays (court, attorney ...)
- Consequences (design intervention to help you vs. possible loss of liberty)
- Accuracy of info (examinee generally more reliable vs. information is more questionable)
o Therapeut meer te vertrouwen dan forensische onderzoeker
METHODS
- Clinical interview (you cant do an assessment If you don’t speak with the person)
- Psychological testing
o Projective tests (Rorschach, TAT ...)
o Objective tests (MMPI-II)
o Intelligence (WAIS-IV ...)
Waarom intelligentie testen? Met een IQ van 60 kan je je afvragen of de persoon verantwoordelijk is
voor zijn daden, faking good and faking bad (bv je praat met de persoon en merkt dat hij een
gemiddeld IQ heeft, maar hij scoort op een test 60, dan kan hij faking bad hebben gedaan)
o Neuropsychological (Trail Making Test ...)
o Forensic assessment instruments (PCL-R ...)
- Archival information
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, o Alle informatie rond te persoon E.g. mental health records, police reports, charges and convictions ... is hij
faking bad or faking good aan het doen?
o Need for accuracy in forensic evaluations (je wilt niet iemand in de gevangenis die het niet verdient)
o Detection of malingering (underreporting or exaggerating)
o Mensen kunnen altijd faken in een klinisch interview of bij psychologische testen. Daarom belangrijk om de
feiten altijd naast de uitspraken van een persoon te leggen
Look at slides for examples Try to let the person talk as much as possible, en wacht of op welke informatie er komt. Voordat
je directe vragen gaat stellen. (komt neer op vertrouwen winnen) Met de voorbeelden willen ze gewoon duidelijk maken, dat
archival informatie echt belangrijk is naast het klinische interview of andere methods. Its not about judging people or figure out
if things happen or not (bcs that’s for the police) but about trying to understand the personality of the person and his way of
functionating
TREATMENT
- Can take on many forms
- Usually takes place after an individual has been sentenced (=veroordeeld)
- Much treatment occurs when a person begins to exhibit psychological problems while in jail meeste psychologische
problematiek komt voor tijdens de gevangenis, gevangenis is geen leuke plek om te zijn
FOUR TYPES OF TREATMENT ACCORDING TO MOBLEY (2006):
1. Management
a. Reduce and eliminate acute crises (acute crisis behandeling bv isolatie)
b. E.g.: self-mutilation, suicidal gestures, general violence ...
2. Maintenance
a. Chronic mental health issues not likely to be resolved during incarceration (problemen die waarschijnlijk niet
worden opgelost tijdens de detentie)
b. Probably already present before this person was in jail
c. Focus on stabilization
d. Bv medicatie
3. Outpatient programs
a. When the person leave prison
b. Continued supervision of those at risk
c. Person is not set free without any follow-up
d. Focus on general effective coping strategies (meer algemene onderwerpen)
4. Specialized programs
a. Focus on one specific issue/topic (substance abuse, anger control, sexual offending ...) (meer specifieke
onderwerpen, verschillend van outpatient programs)
b. More follow-up and more therapeutic focus
CONSULTATION
- Assisting attorneys on a variety of trial-related issues (assisteren van advocaten bij verschillende proces gerelateerde
zaken) bv een advocaat vraagt je te assisteren in een bepaalde zaak
o Identifying relevant experts
Experts zoeken in een bepaald topic binnen psychologie Bv Een neuropsycholoog zoeken voor de
problematiek amnesia
o Educating on a certain area
Explain something about psychology that he/she could use, to defend a person
o Evaluating the work product of an opposing expert (werk checken van de forensische psycholoog van de
andere partij)
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, o Consulting in policy issues (bv de overheid roept een forensische psycholoog op die helpt, research doet om
beleiden te schrijven rond huiselijk geweld)
LES 2: PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW
RELATIONSHIP OF THE LAW AND PSYCHOLOGY
Different disciplines solving problems in different ways
Law Psychology
(More) resistant to change bv wetsartikelen (like, you have Change is likely, conclusions may shift
white and black) across time (like, you have every color)
‘Adversarial system’: two opposing Experimentation through objective
sides use maximum effort to achieve Research, trying to find the truth
victory. Its about winning a case
Prescriptive: how humans should Descriptive: describes human behavior, observe en try to
behave explain behavior. Its not up to us for saying ‘this was good or
bad’
Definitive: attempt to be certain, guilty Probabilistic: likelihood of a given
or not guilty, evidence is admissible or event occurring.
not
De rechter moet tegen het einde een beslissing maken
(UN)ACCOUNTABILITY (ONTOEREKENINGSVATBAARHEID)
Competency to stand trial (competentie om proces te volgen)
Insanity defense
COMPETENCY TO STAND TRIAL
Present ability to consult a lawyer with rational understanding The moment of the trial (person did something and
follows a trial), ability to understand whats happening while you are in the courtroom and what the
consequents/procedings are.
Op het moment dat hij in de rechtbank zit, is die persoon in staat om te verstaan wat er allemaal aan het gebeuren is op
dat moment in de rechtbank bv begrijpen hoe de jury werkt, hoe je je moet gedragen
Rational understanding of the proceedings
Don’t meet criteria: evaluation for the ability to stand trial by psyciatric
Mental state at the time of the trial, NOT at the time of the offense
Court cannot proceed, unless the defendant is competent to stand trial
INSANITY DEFENSE
The mental state at the moment of the crime
If mental state made it impossible to control behavior or influenced behavior at the time of the crime → Acquittance or
internment
o if your mental state at the time of the crime, made it impossible to you to control your behavior or influence
your behavior in an important way
o Acquittance: your set free
o Internment: youre locked up but, but you will received treatment, not as a punishment but as a protection of
the society
This is about the mental state at the time of the crime
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