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PARASITOLOGIEINHOUDSOPGAVE
Examen ............................................................................................................................................................ 9
Indeling cursus ................................................................................................................................................. 9
1 – Algemene begrippen en systematiek .......................................................................................................... 9
2 – Trematoda (zuigwormen) ......................................................................................................................... 14
Algemeen.......................................................................................................................................................... 14
Kenmerken .................................................................................................................................................. 14
Morfologie ................................................................................................................................................... 15
Structuur ...................................................................................................................................................... 15
Externe structuur: tegument ....................................................................................................................... 15
Interne structuren: organen ........................................................................................................................ 16
Standaard levenscyclus .................................................................................................................................... 17
Ontwikkelingsstadia ......................................................................................................................................... 18
Digenea: systematiek ....................................................................................................................................... 19
Echinostomatidae ........................................................................................................................................ 19
Fasciolidae ................................................................................................................................................... 20
F. hepatica: grote leverbot ..................................................................................................................... 21
F. hepatica: epidemiologie...................................................................................................................... 22
F. hepatica: pathologie ........................................................................................................................... 23
Paramphistomidae & Dicrocoelidae ............................................................................................................ 23
Levenscyclus Dicrocoelium dendriticum (1) & Paramphistomum cervi (2): ............................................ 24
Overige Digenea .......................................................................................................................................... 25
Schistosoma ................................................................................................................................................. 26
Kenmerken .............................................................................................................................................. 26
Cyclus ...................................................................................................................................................... 27
Controle .................................................................................................................................................. 27
Schistosoma bij mens.............................................................................................................................. 28
Ornithobilharzia: cyclus .......................................................................................................................... 29
3 – Cestoda (lintwormen) ............................................................................................................................... 30
Algemeen.......................................................................................................................................................... 30
Kenmerken .................................................................................................................................................. 30
Structuur ...................................................................................................................................................... 30
Organen & structuren.................................................................................................................................. 31
Structuur proglottide ................................................................................................................................... 31
Vergelijkende morfologie ............................................................................................................................ 32
Systematiek ................................................................................................................................................. 32
Pseudophyllidea ............................................................................................................................................... 33
Diphyllobothrium latum............................................................................................................................... 33
Spirometra spp. ........................................................................................................................................... 34
1
, Ligula intestinalis ......................................................................................................................................... 35
Cyclophyllidea ................................................................................................................................................... 36
Mesocestoiidae ............................................................................................................................................ 36
Anoplocephalidae ........................................................................................................................................ 37
Anoplocephala perfoliata/magna: cyclus ............................................................................................... 37
Moniezia spp: cyclus ............................................................................................................................... 38
Dilepiidae ..................................................................................................................................................... 39
Dipylidium caninum: cyclus..................................................................................................................... 39
Davaineidae & Hymenolepidae ................................................................................................................... 41
Davainea: kenmerken ............................................................................................................................. 41
Raillietina spp: cyclus .............................................................................................................................. 42
Vampyrolepis (Hymenolepis) nana: cyclus.............................................................................................. 42
Hymenolepis diminuta: cyclus ................................................................................................................ 43
Taeniidae ..................................................................................................................................................... 45
Taenia saginata/solium: cyclus ............................................................................................................... 45
Taenia solium: cysticercosis .................................................................................................................... 46
Taenia solium: transmissie...................................................................................................................... 47
Taenia spp: tussengastheren .................................................................................................................. 48
Taenia pisiformis: cyclus ......................................................................................................................... 48
Multiceps multiceps: cyclus .................................................................................................................... 49
Echinoccus granulosus: cyclus ................................................................................................................ 50
Hydatosis ................................................................................................................................................ 51
Echinococcus spp: kenmerken ................................................................................................................ 51
4 – Nematoda (ronde wormen) ...................................................................................................................... 53
Algemene kenmerken ....................................................................................................................................... 53
Morfologie ................................................................................................................................................... 53
Externe structuren: cuticula ........................................................................................................................ 54
Interne structuren: orgaansystemen ........................................................................................................... 55
Soort determinatie ...................................................................................................................................... 55
Standaard levenscyclus................................................................................................................................ 56
Hypobiose .................................................................................................................................................... 58
Morfologie eieren ........................................................................................................................................ 58
Systematiek ...................................................................................................................................................... 59
Strongyloides (draadwormen/aaltjes) .............................................................................................................. 60
Cyclus ........................................................................................................................................................... 61
Ordo Strongylida: algemene kenmerken..................................................................................................... 62
Ancylostomatidae (haakwormen) .................................................................................................................... 63
Cyclus ........................................................................................................................................................... 64
Morfologie ................................................................................................................................................... 65
Strongyliden (knobbelwormen) ........................................................................................................................ 65
Grote strongyliden ....................................................................................................................................... 66
Kleine strongyliden ...................................................................................................................................... 68
Paarden strongyliden: epidemiologie .......................................................................................................... 69
Oesophagostomum (knobbelworm/nodular worm) ........................................................................................ 70
Species ......................................................................................................................................................... 71
2
,Chabertia .......................................................................................................................................................... 72
Syngamus (gaapworm) .................................................................................................................................... 72
Trichostrongylidae ............................................................................................................................................ 73
Algemene kenmerken ................................................................................................................................. 73
Lebmaagwormen ............................................................................................................................................. 73
Ostertagiosis ................................................................................................................................................ 74
Levenscyclus ........................................................................................................................................... 74
Epidemiologie ......................................................................................................................................... 75
Haemonchus spp .............................................................................................................................................. 76
Haemonchus contortus ................................................................................................................................ 76
Trichostrongylus spp ......................................................................................................................................... 77
Levenscyclus ................................................................................................................................................ 77
Cooperia spp ..................................................................................................................................................... 78
Levenscyclus ................................................................................................................................................ 79
Parasitaire gastro-enteritis (PGE) ................................................................................................................ 79
Nematodirus spp. ............................................................................................................................................. 80
Nematodirus battus ..................................................................................................................................... 81
Hyostrongylus & Graphidium ........................................................................................................................... 82
Amidostomum sp.............................................................................................................................................. 83
Dictyocaulus spp. .............................................................................................................................................. 83
Dictyocaulus viviparus: cyclus ...................................................................................................................... 84
Metastrongylus sp. ........................................................................................................................................... 85
Overige longwormen ........................................................................................................................................ 86
Ordo Spirurida .................................................................................................................................................. 86
Dracunculus sp............................................................................................................................................. 87
Habronema .................................................................................................................................................. 88
Thelazia........................................................................................................................................................ 89
Parafilaria .................................................................................................................................................... 89
Onchocercidae ............................................................................................................................................. 90
Wuchereria bancrofti .............................................................................................................................. 91
Onchocerca volvulus ............................................................................................................................... 92
Dirofilaria immitis ................................................................................................................................... 93
Ascaridida (spoelwormen) ................................................................................................................................ 94
Ascarididae .................................................................................................................................................. 94
Ascaris suum ........................................................................................................................................... 94
Parascaris equorum ................................................................................................................................ 96
Toxocara vitulorum ................................................................................................................................. 97
Toxocara canis ........................................................................................................................................ 97
Toxocara cati ........................................................................................................................................... 99
Toxascaris leonina ................................................................................................................................. 100
Ascaridae: larva migrans ....................................................................................................................... 100
Heterakidae: Heterakis spp. ...................................................................................................................... 101
Ascaridiidae: Ascaridia spp. ....................................................................................................................... 102
Anisakidae: ‘haringworm’ .......................................................................................................................... 102
3
, Oxyuridae ....................................................................................................................................................... 103
Oxyurus equi .............................................................................................................................................. 104
Enterobius vermicularis ............................................................................................................................. 105
Ordo Enoplida (Adenophorea) ........................................................................................................................ 106
Trichuridae ................................................................................................................................................. 106
Trichuridae: cyclus ................................................................................................................................ 107
Capillaridae ................................................................................................................................................ 108
Capillaridae bij pluimvee: cyclus ........................................................................................................... 108
Trichinellidae ............................................................................................................................................. 108
Trichinella spiralis: cyclus ...................................................................................................................... 109
Trichinellidae: morfologie ..................................................................................................................... 110
Trichinosis: patholgie - controle ........................................................................................................... 110
5 – Arthropoda (geleedpotigen) ................................................................................................................... 111
Algemeen........................................................................................................................................................ 111
Systematiek arthropoda ............................................................................................................................ 111
Morfolofie .................................................................................................................................................. 111
Structuur .................................................................................................................................................... 112
Belang van arthropoda .............................................................................................................................. 113
5A – Arachnida (spinachtigen) ....................................................................................................................... 114
Acari ........................................................................................................................................................... 114
Basis indeling ........................................................................................................................................ 115
Mijten & teken ...................................................................................................................................... 115
Argasidae ................................................................................................................................................... 116
Algemene kenmerken ........................................................................................................................... 116
Species .................................................................................................................................................. 117
Ixodidae ..................................................................................................................................................... 117
Algemene kenmerken ........................................................................................................................... 117
Differentiatie......................................................................................................................................... 118
Biologie ................................................................................................................................................. 118
Boophilus: cyclus 1-gastheer teek ........................................................................................................ 119
Cyclus 3-gastheer teek .......................................................................................................................... 119
Species .................................................................................................................................................. 121
Morfologie ............................................................................................................................................ 122
Rol als ziektevector ............................................................................................................................... 123
Vector in Europa ................................................................................................................................... 124
Lyme disease ......................................................................................................................................... 124
Verwijderen van teek ............................................................................................................................ 125
Virale teken encephalitis (TBE) ............................................................................................................. 126
Mesostigmata ............................................................................................................................................ 126
Dermanyssus: rode vogelmijt ............................................................................................................... 127
Ornithonyssus ....................................................................................................................................... 127
Varroa destructor ................................................................................................................................. 127
Sternostoma ......................................................................................................................................... 128
Prostigamata ............................................................................................................................................. 128
Demodex ............................................................................................................................................... 129
Species .................................................................................................................................................. 130
Cheyletiella spp ..................................................................................................................................... 131
4
, Trombiculidae ....................................................................................................................................... 131
Acarapis ................................................................................................................................................ 131
Cryptostigamata ........................................................................................................................................ 132
Astigmata .................................................................................................................................................. 132
Algemeen .............................................................................................................................................. 132
Differentiatie......................................................................................................................................... 133
Invasieve species................................................................................................................................... 133
Sarcoptes: cyclus .............................................................................................................................. 134
Notoedres: N. cati ............................................................................................................................ 135
Knemidocoptes ................................................................................................................................. 135
Niet-invasieve species ........................................................................................................................... 136
Psoroptes.......................................................................................................................................... 136
Chorioptes ........................................................................................................................................ 137
Otodectes cynotis ............................................................................................................................. 137
Mijtenallergie ............................................................................................................................................ 137
5B – Insecta .................................................................................................................................................... 138
Parasitair belang ........................................................................................................................................ 138
Algemene kenmerken ............................................................................................................................... 138
Standaard ontwikkeling ............................................................................................................................. 139
Systematiek Insecta ................................................................................................................................... 140
Phthiraptera (luizen) .................................................................................................................................. 140
Luizen: morfologie ................................................................................................................................ 141
Mallophaga ........................................................................................................................................... 141
Species ............................................................................................................................................. 142
Vachtluizen: cyclus + species ........................................................................................................... 142
Anoplura ............................................................................................................................................... 142
Species ............................................................................................................................................. 143
Pediculus humanus (capitis, corporis) .............................................................................................. 143
Pthyrius, Haematopinus, Linognatus ............................................................................................... 145
Luizen: species per diersoort ................................................................................................................ 145
Hemiptera (true bugs) ............................................................................................................................... 145
Morfologie ............................................................................................................................................ 146
Coleoptera (kevers).................................................................................................................................... 146
Siphonaptera (vlooien) .............................................................................................................................. 146
Morfologie ............................................................................................................................................ 147
Medisch belang ..................................................................................................................................... 147
Pulicidae: cyclus .................................................................................................................................... 147
Species .................................................................................................................................................. 148
Pulicidae: species differentiatie ............................................................................................................ 149
Ceratophyllus, Echidnophaga: vlooien in pluimvee .............................................................................. 149
Tunga penetrans: zandvlo..................................................................................................................... 149
Diptera ....................................................................................................................................................... 149
Algemene kenmerken ........................................................................................................................... 150
Nematocerca ............................................................................................................................................. 151
Kenmerken ............................................................................................................................................ 151
Simulium (blackflies) ............................................................................................................................. 152
Psychodidae .......................................................................................................................................... 152
Ceratopogonidae (biting midges, knaasjes) .......................................................................................... 153
Culicudae............................................................................................................................................... 153
5
, Subfamilies ....................................................................................................................................... 154
Anophelinae ..................................................................................................................................... 155
Culicinae: Culex / Aedes / Mansonia ................................................................................................ 155
Culex – Aedes: cyclus ........................................................................................................................ 155
Tabanomorpha (dazen) ............................................................................................................................. 156
Species + morfologie ............................................................................................................................. 157
Muscidae ................................................................................................................................................... 158
Cyclus + morfologie............................................................................................................................... 158
Species .................................................................................................................................................. 159
Musca domestica .................................................................................................................................. 159
Niet-stekende species ........................................................................................................................... 160
Stomoxys calcitrans (stalvlieg) .............................................................................................................. 160
Haematobia irritans (hoornvlieg) ......................................................................................................... 160
Glossina ..................................................................................................................................................... 160
Cyclus .................................................................................................................................................... 161
Myiasis ....................................................................................................................................................... 162
Sarcophagidae (vleesvliegen) .................................................................................................................... 162
Calliphoridae (bromvliegen) ...................................................................................................................... 163
Lucilia: woolstrike ................................................................................................................................. 163
Oestridae (horzels) .................................................................................................................................... 163
Species .................................................................................................................................................. 164
Oestrus ovis (neushorzel) ...................................................................................................................... 164
Hypoderma spp. (runderhorzels) .......................................................................................................... 165
Gasterophilus spp. (maaghorzels) ......................................................................................................... 166
Vergelijking ...................................................................................................................................... 166
Morfologie ....................................................................................................................................... 166
Hypoboscidae (luisvliegen) ........................................................................................................................ 167
5C – Crustaceae .............................................................................................................................................. 167
6 – Protozoa (ééncelligen) ............................................................................................................................ 168
Algemene kenmerken ..................................................................................................................................... 168
Indeling ........................................................................................................................................................... 170
Mucoflagellaten ............................................................................................................................................. 171
Giardia ....................................................................................................................................................... 172
Trichomonadida ......................................................................................................................................... 172
Haemoflagellaten ........................................................................................................................................... 174
Kinetoplastida ............................................................................................................................................ 174
Morfologie ............................................................................................................................................ 174
Genus Trypanosoma, groep Salivaria ................................................................................................... 175
Slaapziekte: cyclus ................................................................................................................................ 175
Trypanosomiasen: kliniek ..................................................................................................................... 176
Trypanosoma: stercoraria ..................................................................................................................... 177
Chagas disease ................................................................................................................................. 177
Leishmania ............................................................................................................................................ 178
Cyclus ............................................................................................................................................... 179
Verspreiding & ziektevormen .......................................................................................................... 179
Entamoeba histolytica .................................................................................................................................... 179
6
, Naegleria, Acanthamoeba.............................................................................................................................. 180
Apicomplexa ................................................................................................................................................... 180
Indeling ...................................................................................................................................................... 181
Eimeriidae .................................................................................................................................................. 181
Coccidia: oöcyst morfologie .................................................................................................................. 181
Eimeria: algemene cyclus...................................................................................................................... 182
Coccidiosis kip: lokalisatie & letsels in darm ......................................................................................... 182
Eimeria stiedai: levercoccidiose ............................................................................................................ 183
Eimeria bovis ......................................................................................................................................... 184
Coccidiosis: varken, paard .................................................................................................................... 185
Cysto-isospora: hond, kat ..................................................................................................................... 185
Sarcocystidae ............................................................................................................................................. 186
Toxoplasma gondii: cyclus bij kat ......................................................................................................... 186
Toxoplasma ziektebeeld ....................................................................................................................... 187
Toxoplasma preventie & controle ........................................................................................................ 188
Neosporosis .......................................................................................................................................... 189
Neospora caninum ................................................................................................................................ 189
Cryptosporidium ........................................................................................................................................ 190
Cyclus, morfologie ................................................................................................................................ 190
Haemosporida ........................................................................................................................................... 191
Plasmodium .......................................................................................................................................... 191
Cyclus ............................................................................................................................................... 192
Malaria bij mens............................................................................................................................... 192
Plasmodium spp.: kenmerken .......................................................................................................... 193
Plasmodium falciparum: maligne malaria........................................................................................ 193
Piroplasmida .............................................................................................................................................. 194
Babesia.................................................................................................................................................. 195
Babesia canis .................................................................................................................................... 195
Andere protozoa ............................................................................................................................................. 196
Nosema apis .............................................................................................................................................. 197
Balantidium coli ......................................................................................................................................... 197
Ichtyopthirius multifiliis: witte stip ............................................................................................................ 197
Antiparasitaire middelen ............................................................................................................................. 198
Antihelminthica .............................................................................................................................................. 199
Effect op celintegriteit ............................................................................................................................... 200
1 – inhibitoren van tubuline polymerisatie ........................................................................................... 200
2 – ontkoppeling van oxidatieve fosforylatie ....................................................................................... 200
3 – inhibitie van glycolyse ..................................................................................................................... 201
Effect op neuromusculaire coördinatie ..................................................................................................... 201
1 – cholinerge inhibitoren ..................................................................................................................... 201
2 – cholinerge stimulantia .................................................................................................................... 202
Andere antihelminthica ............................................................................................................................. 202
Antiprotozoaire middelen ............................................................................................................................... 203
Amoeben & flagellaten .............................................................................................................................. 203
Haemoflagellaten ...................................................................................................................................... 203
Haemosporidia → antimalaria middelen .................................................................................................. 204
Anticoccidia ............................................................................................................................................... 204
7
, Ectoparasiticiden ............................................................................................................................................ 205
Pyrethrines, pyrethroïden ......................................................................................................................... 205
Organofosfaten, carbamaten .................................................................................................................... 206
Organochlorines ........................................................................................................................................ 206
Macrocyclische lactonen ........................................................................................................................... 207
Insectengroei regulatoren ......................................................................................................................... 207
Neonicotinoïden ........................................................................................................................................ 208
Fenylprazolen ............................................................................................................................................ 208
Spinosynen ................................................................................................................................................ 208
Isoxazolines................................................................................................................................................ 209
Addendum ................................................................................................................................................... 209
1 – Standaard diagnostische technieken ........................................................................................................ 209
Diagnose van parasitaire infecties ............................................................................................................. 209
Kwantitatieve bepalingen .......................................................................................................................... 209
Baermann techniek.................................................................................................................................... 210
Bloeduitstrijkje........................................................................................................................................... 210
2 – Parasieten species per diersoort ............................................................................................................... 210
Hond .......................................................................................................................................................... 210
Kat.............................................................................................................................................................. 212
Rund .......................................................................................................................................................... 213
Schaap ....................................................................................................................................................... 214
Paard.......................................................................................................................................................... 215
Varken........................................................................................................................................................ 216
Vogel .......................................................................................................................................................... 217
Mens .......................................................................................................................................................... 218
Lijstjes .......................................................................................................................................................... 218
Parasitaire oorzaken van koliek bij het paard ................................................................................................ 218
Veel voorkomende parasieten bij duiven ....................................................................................................... 219
Parasieten die auto-infectie veroorzaken ....................................................................................................... 219
Kapstopzeugen ............................................................................................................................................... 219
Drinkwaterinfecties ........................................................................................................................................ 219
Bijen ................................................................................................................................................................ 219
Examenvragen ................................................................................................................................................ 220
8
,EXAMEN
• Schriftelijk
• Leerstof: slides + uitleg tijdens les + practicum
• Vragen:
o Mogelijke examenvragen aangeduid in samenvatting
o Niet letterlijk een cyclusbespreking gevraagd, maar bespreken van zaken adhv
de cyclus → kunnen gebruiken
o 2 grote algemene kennisvragen (2-3 blz)
o Verklaren van 5 termen
o Herkennen van 2 preparaten (foto’s) uit practicum
INDELING CURSUS
• Inleiding
• Trematoda = platwormen
• Cestoda = lintwormen
• Nematoda = ronde wormen
• Arachnida = spinachtigen (8 poten ipv 6)
• Insecta
• Protozoa = ééncelligen (bvb malaria)
• Antiparasitaire middelen (seminarie)
• Labo diagnostiek (practicum)
• Parasieten per diersoort (feedback/herhalingsles)
1 – ALGEMENE BEGRIPPEN EN SYSTEMATIEK
Symbiose
• = samenlevingsvormen tussen 2 of meer verschillende species
• 2-way = 2 partijen ondervinden voordeel
• 1-way = 1 van de partijen ondervinden voordeel, bij parasitisme met schade voor
andere partij
• 50% van alle diersoorten zijn parasitair op bepaald stadium van hun levenscyclus
• 100% van dieren & planten kunnen worden geparasiteerd
o Soms ook mensen
• Meerdere parasieten per gastheer species
• Soms meerdere gastheren voor 1 parasiet species → zoönosen
o Bvb toxoplasma: kat → zwangere vrouw
9
, Parasitologie = studie van parasitaire samenlevingsvorm
• Parasiet (morfologie, cyclus, biologie)
• Relatie tussen gastheer & parasiet (fysio, biochemie, celbio, kliniek, moleculair)
o Symptomen niet leren, maar obv cyclus beredeneren
• Immunologie (humoraal, cellulair, moleculair)
o Er bestaan bijna geen vaccins tegen parasieten
• Epidemiologie (relatie gastheer – parasiet – (vector) – omgeving)
o Vector: insecten bvb die parasiet van ene naar andere plek overdragen
• Ziekteleer (farmaco, kliniek, patho)
• Behandeling
Definities
• Obligaat = parasitair stadium binnen cyclus/geschikte gastheer noodzakelijk
Facultatief = onafhankelijke, niet-parasitaire cyclus mogelijk (toevallig op verkeerde
plaats als passant)
• Permanent = volledige cyclus op gastheer
Tijdelijk = deel van cyclus op gastheer
• Incidenteel = zeldzaam bij genoemde gastheer
Erratisch = abnormale gastheer of plaats
• Specificiteit voor gastheer
o Hoog (bvb lintwormen)
o Laag → veel verschillende gastheren kunnen besmet worden, kans op
zoönosen (bvb toxoplasma)
• Gastheer
o Definitieve = adulte stadia: seksuele vermeerdering in gastheer
o Tussen = larvale stadia (met ontwikkeling) (transport-, wacht-)
▪ Immature stadia aanwezig maar moet nog verder ontwikkelen
▪ Een wacht-/tussengastheer om bvb te overwinteren om te overleven
o Paratenische = larvale stadia (zonder verdere ontwikkeling)
o Vector = actieve rol in transmissie: biologisch & mechanisch
▪ Biologisch = parasiet moet vermeerderen dus vector is onderdeel van
cyclus
▪ Mechanisch = zonder ontwikkeling in vector
• Prepatente periode = periode tussen infectie en infectieus
worden (besmetten)
o Behandelen binnen deze periode!
o Moeilijke diagnose want nog geen eitjes, maar dier
kan al wel ziek zijn
• Patente periode (heel verschillend) = infectieuze periode
(eieren, larven, etc) (hoe lang besmettelijk zonder herinfectie)
o In post-patente fase kan je ook nog klinische symptomen krijgen
10
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