Test Bank: Porth’s Essentials of Pathophysiology, 4th
Edition Chapter 1-46 | Grade A+, 2024
, Table of Contents
Table of Contents 1
Chapter 01 - Cell Structure and Function 2
Chapter 02 - Cellular Responses to Stress, Injury, and Aging 8
Chapter 03 - Inflammation, the Inflammatory Response, and Fever 15
Chapter 04 - Cell Proliferation, Tissue Regeneration, and Repair 22
Chapter 05 - Genetic Control of Cell Function and Inheritance 26
Chapter 06 - Genetic and Congenital Disorders 32
Chapter 07 - Neoplasia 38
Chapter 08 - Disorders of Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance 45
Chapter 09 - Stress and Adaptation 52
Chapter 10 - Disorders of Nutritional Status 59
Chapter 11 - Disorders of White Blood Cells and Lymphoid Tissues 65
Chapter 12 - Disorders of Hemostasis 72
Chapter 13 - Disorders of Red Blood Cells 79
Chapter 14 - Mechanisms of Infectious Disease 86
Chapter 15 - Innate and Adaptive Immunity 93
Chapter 16 - Disorders of the Immune Response 100
Chapter 17 - Control of Cardiovascular Function 107
Chapter 18 - Disorders of Blood Flow and Blood Pressure 113
Chapter 19 - Disorders of Cardiac Function 120
Chapter 20 - Heart Failure and Circulatory Shock 127
Chapter 21 - Control of Respiratory Function 134
Chapter 22 - Respiratory Tract Infections, Neoplasms, and Childhood Disorders 140
Chapter 23 - Disorders of Ventilation and Gas Exchange 147
Chapter 24 - Structure and Function of the Kidney 153
Chapter 25 - Disorders of Renal Function 160
Chapter 26 - Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease 166
Chapter 27 - Disorders of the Bladder and Lower Urinary Tract 173
Chapter 28 - Structure and Function of the Gastrointestinal System 180
Chapter 29 - Disorders of Gastrointestinal Function 187
Chapter 30 - Disorders of Hepatobiliary and Exocrine Pancreatic Function 193
Chapter 31 - Mechanisms of Endocrine Control 199
Chapter 32 - Disorders of Endocrine Control of Growth and Metabolism 206
Chapter 33 - Diabetes Mellitus and the Metabolic Syndrome 212
Chapter 34 - Organization and Control of Neural Function 219
Chapter 35 - Somatosensory Function, Pain, and Headache 225
Chapter 36 - Disorders of Neuromuscular Function 231
Chapter 37 - Disorders of Brain Function 238
Chapter 38 - Disorders of Special Sensory Function 245
Chapter 39 - Disorders of the Male Genitourinary System 251
Chapter 40 - Disorders of the Female Genitourinary System 257
Chapter 41 - Sexually Transmitted Infections 263
Chapter 42 - Structure and Function of the Skeletal System 269
Chapter 43 - Disorders of the Skeletal System 275
Chapter 44 - Disorders of the Skeletal System 282
Chapter 45 - Structure and Function of the Integumentum 288
Chapter 46 - Disorders of Skin Integrity and Function 294
,Chapter 01 - Cell Structure and Function
1. The nucleus , which is essential for function and survival of the cell.
A) is the site of protein synthesis
B) contains the genetic code
C) transforms cellular energy
D) initiates aerobic metabolism
2. Although energy is not made in mitochondria, they are known as the power plants of the cell because
they:
A) contain RNA for protein synthesis.
B) utilize glycolysis for oxidative energy.
C) extract energy from organic compounds.
D) store calcium bonds for muscle contractions.
3. Although the basic structure of the cell plasma membrane is formed by a lipid bilayer, most of the
specific membrane functions are carried out by:
A) bound and transmembrane proteins.
B) complex, long carbohydrate chains.
C) surface antigens and hormone receptors.
D) a gating system of selective ion channels.
4. To effectively relay signals, cell-to-cell communication utilizes chemical messenger systems that:
A) displace surface receptor proteins.
B) accumulate within cell gap junctions.
C) bind to contractile microfilaments.
,D) release secretions into extracellular fluid.
5. Aerobic metabolism, also known as oxidative metabolism, provides energy by:
A) removing the phosphate bonds from ATP.
B) combining hydrogen and oxygen to form water.
C) activating pyruvate stored in the cytoplasm.
D) breaking down glucose to form lactic acid.
6. Exocytosis, the reverse of endocytosis, is important in into the extracellular fluid.
A) Engulfing and ingesting fluid and proteins for transport
B) Killing, degrading, and dissolving harmful microorganisms
C) Removing cellular debris and releasing synthesized substances
D) Destruction of particles by lysosomal enzymes for secretion
7. The process responsible for generating and conducting membrane potentials is:
A) diffusion of current-carrying ions.
B) millivoltage of electrical potential.
C) polarization of charged particles.
D) ion channel neurotransmission.
8. Epithelial tissues are classified according to the shape of the cells and the number of layers. Which of
the following is a correctly matched description and type of epithelial tissue?
A) Simple epithelium: cells in contact with intercellular matrix; some do not extend to surface
B) Stratified epithelium: single layer of cells; all cells rest on basement membrane
C) Glandular epithelium: arise from surface epithelia and underlying connective tissue
D) Pseudostratified epithelium: multiple layers of cells; deepest layer rests on basement membrane
,9. Connective tissue contains fibroblasts that are responsible for:
A) providing a fibrous framework for capillaries.
B) synthesis of collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers.
C) forming tendons and the fascia that covers muscles.
D) filling spaces between tissues to keep organs in place.
10. Although all muscle tissue cells have some similarities, smooth muscle (also known as involuntary
muscle) differs by:
A) having dense bodies attached to actin filaments.
B) containing sarcomeres between Z lines and M bands.
C) having rapid contractions and abundant cross-striations.
D) contracting in response to increased intracellular calcium.
11. Which of the following aspects of the function of the nucleus is performed by ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?
A) Copying and carrying DNA instructions for protein synthesis
B) Carrying amino acids to the site of protein synthesis
C) Providing the site where protein synthesis occurs
D) Regulating and controlling protein synthesis
12. Breakdown and removal of foreign substances and worn-out cell parts are performed by which of the
following organelles?
A) Lysosomes
B) Golgi apparatus
C) Ribosomes
D) Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
13. Impairment in the function of peroxisomes would result in:
,A) inadequate sites for protein synthesis.
B) an inability to transport cellular products across the cell membrane.
C) insufficient energy production within a cell.
D) accumulation of free radicals in the cytoplasm.
14. After several months of trying to conceive, a couple is undergoing fertility testing. Semen analysis
indicates that the man’s sperm have decreased motility, a finding that is thought to underlie the
couple’s inability to become pregnant. Which of the following cellular components may be defective
within the man’s sperm?
A) Ribosomes
B) Microtubules
C) Mitochondria
D) Microfilaments
15. Which of the following statements is true of glycolysis?
A) Glycolysis requires oxygen.
B) Glycolysis occurs in cells without mitochondria.
C) Glycolysis provides the majority of the body’s energy needs.
D) Glycolysis produces energy, water, and carbon dioxide.
16. Which of the following membrane transport mechanisms requires the greatest amount of energy?
A) Facilitated diffusion
B) Passive transport
C) Vesicular transport
D) Simple diffusion
17. A male patient with a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus is experiencing hyperglycemia because he
lacks sufficient insulin to increase the availability of glucose transporters in his cell membranes.
Consequently, his cells lack intracellular glucose and it accumulates in his blood. Which of the
, following processes would best allow glucose to cross his cell membranes?
A) Facilitated diffusion
B) Simple diffusion
C) Secondary active transport
D) Endocytosis
18. Which of the following statements is true of skeletal muscle cells?
A) Skeletal muscle cells each have an apical, lateral, and basal surface.
B) They are closely apposed and are joined by cell-to-cell adhesion molecules.
C) Their basal surface is attached to a basement membrane.
D) Skeletal muscle is multinucleated, lacking true cell boundaries.
19. Which of the following body tissues exhibits the highest rate of turnover and renewal?
A) The squamous epithelial cells of the skin
B) The connective tissue supporting blood vessels
C) The skeletal muscle that facilitates movement
D) The nervous tissue that constitutes the central nervous system
20. A patient with a pathophysiologic condition that affects the desmosomes is most likely to exhibit:
A) impaired contraction of skeletal and smooth muscle.
B) weakness of the collagen and elastin fibers in the extracellular space.
C) impaired communication between neurons and effector organs.
D) separation at the junctions between epithelial cells.
Answer Key
1. B
,2. C
3. A
4. D
5. B
6. C
7. A
8. C
9. B
10. A
11. C
12. A
13. D
14. B
15. B
16. C
17. A
18. D
19. A
20. D
,Chapter 02 - Cellular Responses to Stress, Injury, and Aging
1. Ischemia and other toxic injuries increase the accumulation of intracellular calcium as a result of:
A) release of stored calcium from the mitochondria.
B) improved intracellular volume regulation.
C) decreased influx across the cell membrane.
D) attraction of calcium to fatty infiltrates.
2. The patient is found to have liver disease, resulting in the removal of a lobe of his liver. Adaptation to
the reduced size of the liver leads to of the remaining liver cells.
A) metaplasia
B) organ atrophy
C) compensatory hyperplasia
D) physiologic hypertrophy
3. A person eating peanuts starts choking and collapses. His airway obstruction is partially cleared, but he
remains hypoxic until he reaches the hospital. The prolonged cell hypoxia caused a cerebral infarction
and resulting in the brain.
A) caspase activation
B) coagulation necrosis
C) rapid phagocytosis
D) protein p53 deficiency
4. Bacteria and viruses cause cell damage by , which is unique from the intracellular damage
caused by other injurious agents.
A) disrupting the sodium/potassium ATPase pump
B) interrupting oxidative metabolism processes
, C) replicating and producing continued injury
D) decreasing protein synthesis and function
5. The patient has a prolonged interruption in arterial blood flow to his left kidney, causing hypoxic cell
injury and the release of free radicals. Free radicals damage cells by:
A) destroying phospholipids in the cell membrane.
B) altering the immune response of the cell.
C) disrupting calcium storage in the cell.
D) inactivation of enzymes and mitochondria.
6. Injured cells have impaired flow of substances through the cell membrane as a result of:
A) increased fat load.
B) altered permeability.
C) altered glucose utilization.
D) increased surface receptors.
7. Reversible adaptive intracellular responses are initiated by:
A) stimulus overload.
B) genetic mutations.
C) chemical messengers.
D) mitochondrial DNA.
8. Injured cells become very swollen as a result of:
A) increased cell protein synthesis.
B) altered cell volume regulation.
C) passive entry of potassium into the cell.
