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AP Biology, Unit 1 Notes
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AP Biology - Unit 1 notes that cover topics such as RNA & DNA, Protein, Carbohydrates, Fats, and Cell Signaling.
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groupwater and
atomic
hydrogen bonding
#
2
He element symbol
4 . 003
period
atomic mass
Bour model
↳ electrons are placed on shells
around nucleus
ist shell : 22- ex :
Lithium
⑧
2nd shell : 82-
: Period 2 : 2 shells
⑧
3rd snell 182- 6 94
group 1 : I valence e Li
:
.
Lewis dot model 3 protons
:
only show electrons ·
Li
on valence shell
type of bonds
elements want to be stable
by forming chemical bonds with other
elements
·
Octet rule elements will gain lose
:
, ,
or share electrons to complete
valence shell and become stable
Chemical bonds between
= C: attraction two atoms resulting
:
from the sharing or
covalent bonds
transferring of valence electrons
:
when two or more atoms share electrons
forms molecules and compounds
single bond I pair of shared e- nonpolar and Polar
:
Double bond 2 pair of shared e- covalent
:
Triple bond : 3 Pair of shared e-
~
...
-
-
i
...
- -
nonpolar covalent
electron are shared
equally between 2 atomi
ex . O2
..........
0
Fair
shared e
-
, polar covalent
· electrons are not shared equally between two atoms
ex 120 .
· O
S-
· i
...
partial
H
Charges
H
St St
bonds attraction between oppositely charged (ions)
:
conic atoms
between metals non metal
NACI
LiF
·
occurs when there is transfer of electrons from one atom-
another atom forming ions
a :
cation positively charged ions
:
Anion negatively charged
:
ious I
-
~
Na-CI .
hydrogen bonds :
the partially positive hydrogen atom in one
polar covalent molecule will be attracted to an electronegative
atom in another covalent molecule .
hydrogen atom is bonded to an
electronegative atom (0 , N , FC
the electron are shared equally
not
being
hydrogen has a partial positive
charge electronegative ,
atom
has a partial negative charge .
--
--
St
St
H n St
Polarity H n
St
unequal sharing of .. :...&
electrons make water polar covalent
a polar molecule bond .
St
St
H n
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