LATEST HEART FAILURE LATEST EXAM REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS)

Heart Failure - ANSWER- a clinical syndrome that emerges when there is an impaired ability for the ventricles to fill with enough blood or eject enough blood to meet the body's demand Causes of HF - ANSWER- hypertension, coronary artery disease, scare tissue from a previous MI Manifestations of acute Left Sides Heart Failure - ANSWER- Exceptional dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, cough, blood tinged sputum, cyanosis, elevation in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure Manifestations of right sided heart failure - ANSWER- fatigue, dependent edema, distention of the jugular veins, liver engorgement, ascites, anorexia and complaints of GI distress, cyanosis, elevation in peripheral venous pressure, and nutria Backward effects of Left sided HF - ANSWER- decreased emptying of the left ventricle, increased volume and pressure in left vent, increased pressure volume in left atrium, increased volume on pulmonary veins, increased volume in pulmonary capillary bed transudation of fluid from capillaries to alveoli, rapid filling of alveolar spaces = Pulmonary Edema Forward effects of left sided HF - ANSWER- decreased cardiac output, decreased perfusion in tissues of body, decreased blood flow to kidneys and glands, increased reabsorption of sodium and water from the increased secretion of the sodium and water retaining hormones, increased extracellular fluid volume and total blood volume Backward effects of Right sided HF - ANSWER- decreased emptying of the right ventricle, increased volume and pressure in the right ventricle, increased volume and pressure in the right atrium, increased volume and pressure in the great veins, increased volume in the systemic venous circulation, increased volume in the liver and spleen, increased pressure at capillary line, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly, dependent edema and serous effusion Forward effects of right sided HF - ANSWER- decreased volume from the right ventricle to the lungs, decreased return to the left atrium and subsequent decreased cardiac output, expansion of blood volume and all the forward effects of left sided heart failure BNP test - ANSWER- can rule out pulmonary causes of dyspnea because the level rises as chronic heart failure symptoms worsen BNP a neurohormone - ANSWER- secreted by the heart in response to expansion of ventricular volume and pressure overload Abnormal distended jugular veins - ANSWER- may signal increased right atrial pressure Flat jugular veins - ANSWER- a sign of hypervolemia HF caused by MI - ANSWER- causes damage to the myocardial tissue Interior Wall MI - ANSWER- causes damage to the right side of the heart Anterior Wall MI - ANSWER- causes damage to the Left side of the heart Aortic Valve Stenosis - ANSWER- means the aortic valve is not opening during systole so now the heart has to work harder to push the blood out of the smaller opening. This increases afterload to the left side of the heart causes Forward Heart failure Pulmonic Valve Stenosis - ANSWER- causes forward Heart failure on the right side of the heart Coronary Artery disease - ANSWER- causes HF by slowly depleting the myocardium of energy and is the primary cause of HF Valvular Heart disease - ANSWER- makes the heart work harder to pump blood through the stenosis valves and you have blood backing up into the chamber and it makes the heart pump harder to empty as well Hypertension with Forward Heart Failure - ANSWER- means patient has an increase in afterload Hypertension with Right Sided HF - ANSWER- means patient has pulmonary vascular resistance. The heart cannot push the blood forward because there is too much pressure. Can treat with vasodilators or diuretics Hypertension with Left Sided HF - ANSWER- means patient has systemic vascular resistance. Treatment could be vasodilators or diuretics Forward Heart Failure - ANSWER- means there is something in front of the heart preventing the blood from going forward (increased afterload): increased blood pressure or a tensed valve. The heart has to work really hard to push the blood out.