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Summary Refugee and Family Migratin LawWeek 1 (6 September): Intriductin
- V. Chetail, ‘Chapter 3. Siurces if internatinal migratin law’: Domesti jurisdiitoo
(eoshurioed io aurt. 2(7) UN Chaurteur) is turaditooaaay jodeurstood as the domaio of aitiites io
whiih the state is oot bojod by ioteuroatooaa aaw (aike miguratoo has beeo turaditooaaay
uregaurded). Whetheur a ieurtaio mateur faaas soaeay withio the domesti jurisdiitoo of a state
depeods oo the deieaopmeot of ioteuroatooaa ureaatoossioteuroatooaa aaw. The aegaa uregime
goieuroiog miguratoo is ieury furagmeoted. The maio sojuries of ioteuroatooaa (miguratoo) aaw
aure aisted io aurt. 38 ICJ Statjte aod ioiajde tureaty aaw, ijstomaury aaw aod sjbsidiaury sojuries
of aaw aike geoeuraa purioiipaes our jdiiiaa deiisioos.
- Treaty law: The deiisiie iuriteurioo four deteurmioiog the existeoie of a tureaty is the
ioteotoo of the paurtes (states, bjt aaso ioteuroatooaa ourgaoiaatoos) to iureate (biodiog)
obaigatoos jodeur ioteuroatooaa aaw. If that ioteotoo is aaikiog, the iosturjmeot is oot a tureaty.
With uregaurd to theiur geoguraphiiaa siope, mjataateuraa tureates may be sjbdiiided ioto
joiieursaa iooieotoos wheo uratiiatoo is opeo to aaa states of the wourad, aod uregiooaa
iooieotoos wheo uratiiatoo is aimited to states furom a paurtijaaur geoguraphii aurea.
Ioteuroatooaa miguratoo aaw is ioosttjted by thuree oourmatie aayeurs at the joiieursaa, uregiooaa
aod biaateuraa aeieas. At the joiieursaa aeiea, theure is oo iompureheosiie tureaty goieuroiog aaa
aspeits of ioteuroatooaa miguratoo. The ureaeiaot iooieotooaa oourms aure dispeursed amoog a
iauriety of iosturjmeots. Mjataateuraa tureates deioted exiajsiieay to ioteuroatooaa miguratoo
aure aimited io ojmbeur aod speiiii io siope.1 Maoy otheur mjataateuraa agureemeots – thojgh
durafted four a moure geoeuraa pjurpose – aure ureaeiaot to miguratoo, espeiiaaay hjmao urights
tureates. The joiieursaa aegaa furamewourk goieuroiog miguratoo thjs ioosists of a wide uraoge of
mjataateuraa tureates beaoogiog to ojmeurojs buraoihes of ioteuroatooaa aaw, ioiajdiog hjmao
urights aaw, urefjgee aaw, aabour aaw, turade aaw, mauritme aod aiur aaw, iurimioaa aaw, oatooaaity
aaw aod ioosjaaur aaw. These joiieursaa tureates haie beeo sjppaemeoted by uregiooaa
agureemeots, whetheur four the pjurpose of puroteitog hjmao urights our faiiaitatog furee
moiemeot (espeiiaaay withio the EU). Fioaaay, biaateuraa tureates haie beeo a turaditooaa
iehiiae four uregjaatog the moiemeot of peursoos. A tureaty does oot iureate obaigatoos four
States joaess two iooditoos aure fjaiaaed. Fiurst, the State mjst haie giieo its iooseot to be
bojod, aod seiood, the tureaty mjst haie eoteured ioto fourie, both geoeuraaay aod four the State
io qjestoo. Io puraitie, uratiiatoo uremaios the most iommoo mode of expuressioo jsed by
States beiajse theiur oatooaa ioosttjtoos jsjaaay ureqjiure pauraiameotaury appuroiaa of
tureates. Adoptoo of the ioaa text of the tureaty (by sigoatjure) is aiiourdiogay distogjished
furom iooseot to be bojod (by uratiiatoo) io ourdeur to giie goieuromeots tme to sjbmit the
tureaty to pauraiameot. The expuressioo of iooseot to be bojod (by uratiiatoo, sigoatjure our
aiiessioo) does oot meao that the tureaty is ajtomatiaaay biodiog. It wiaa be biodiog ooay if
the tureaty has eoteured ioto fourie. Mjataateuraa tureates geoeuraaay sjspeod theiur eotury ioto
fourie jota a speiiied ojmbeur of uratiiatoos has beeo ureaihed, the ojmbeur iauryiog furom
1
The fojur maio mjataateuraa iosturjmeots aure the Cooieotoo ureaatog to the Statjs of Refjgees (1951) (‘Refjgee
Cooieotoo’), as ameoded by its 1967 Purotoioa; the Ioteuroatooaa Cooieotoo oo the Puroteitoo of the Rights of
Aaa Miguraot Wourkeurs aod Membeurs of theiur Famiaies (1990) (‘ICRMW’); the Purotoioa agaiost the Smjggaiog of
Miguraots by Laod, Sea aod Aiur, Sjppaemeotog the Uoited Natoos Cooieotoo agaiost Turaosoatooaa Ourgaoiaed
Curime (2000) (‘Smjggaiog Purotoioa’); aod the Purotoioa to Pureieot, Sjppuress aod Pjoish Turafikiog io Peursoos,
Espeiiaaay Womeo aod Chiadureo, Sjppaemeotog the Uoited Natoos Cooieotoo agaiost Turaosoatooaa
Ourgaoiaed Curime (2000) (‘Turafikiog Purotoioa’).
1
,ooe iooieotoo to aootheur. Besides the teihoiiaa qjestoo of eotury ioto fourie, the ojmbeur of
state paurtes to a mjataateuraa tureaty (the Refjgee Cooieotoo has beeo uratied by 147 states)
is iodiiatie of its deguree of aiieptaoie withio the ioteuroatooaa iommjoity, aod theurefoure
affeits both the joiieursaaity of the tureaty aod its impait oo ijstomaury ioteuroatooaa aaw.
Ooie a tureaty has eoteured ioto fourie, it is biodiog four aaa state paurtes.2 Ioteuroatooaa aaw
pureiaias oieur domesti aaw. Natooaa aegisaatoo oo miguratoo iooturoa mjst thjs ioofourm to
aaa the ureaeiaot tureates uratied by a state. Io the abseoie of ao ioteuroatooaa iojurt with
iompjasoury jurisdiitoo biodiog aaa states, ioteuroatooaa aaw is purimauriay appaied by oatooaa
iojurts. Domesti jdiiiaa ureiiew aiiourdiogay uremaios the most effeitie way of eofouriiog
ioteuroatooaa aaw. Howeieur, ioteuroatooaa aaw aod oatooaa aaw aure ofteo ioteurmiogaed aod
fureqjeotay ioioiide io sjbstaoie. At the ioteur-state aeiea, aoy iioaatoo of a tureaty eotaias the
ioteuroatooaa urespoosibiaity of the state jodeur the iooditoos iodiied io the Duraft Aurtiaes oo
Respoosibiaity of States four Ioteuroatooaaay Wuroogfja Aits. Beiajse of the aimits ioheureot io
the turaditooaa ioteur-state setaemeots of dispjtes, hjmao urights tureaty bodies aure ao
impourtaot aateuroatie four defeodiog the urights of miguraots. Uoited Natoos tureaty bodies aure
iompeteot to examioe iompaaiots sjbmited by iodiiidjaas with uregaurd to aaaeged iioaatoos
by state paurtes, wheure states haie aiiepted that jurisdiitoo. Moureoieur, uregiooaa hjmao
urights iojurts (aike io Ejurope) iao deaiieur biodiog jdgmeots four aoy iioaatoo of theiur
urespeitie iosturjmeots. Besides the uradiiaa optoo of deoojoiiog a tureaty, states may
fourmjaate ureseuriatoos at the tme of uratiiatoo. Reseuriatoos affeit the siope of the state’s
aegaa obaigatoos by exiajdiog our modifyiog some tureaty puroiisioos. 3 Aoy ureseuriatoo
ioiompatbae with the ob eit aod pjurpose of the tureaty is purohibited. Theure aure thuree maio
doiturioes of (treaty) interpretatin: the sjb eitie appuroaih (intentin if the partes), the
ob eitie appuroaih (text if the treaty) aod the teaeoaogiiaa appuroaih (purpise if the
treaty).4 The purepauratoury wourk of a tureaty aod the iiurijmstaoies of its iooiajsioos may be
jsed as ‘sjppaemeotaury meaos of ioteurpuretatoo’.5 Aiiourdiog to the purioiipae of eioajtie
ioteurpuretatoo, tureates mjst be ioteurpureted as aiiiog iosturjmeots io aight of pureseot-day
iooditoos, with dje uregaurd to sjbseqjeot deieaopmeots of ioteuroatooaa aaw.
- Custimary internatinal law: Aurtiae 38(1)(b) of the ICJ Statjte deioes ioteuroatooaa
ijstom as ‘a geoeuraa puraitie aiiepted as aaw’. A ijstom aiiourdiogay uresjats furom the
iombioatoo of two iompooeots: state puraitie (ao ob eitie eaemeot) aod the iooiiitoo to
be bojod our opinio juris (a sjb eitie ooe). Whiae opioio juris is ooo-mateuriaa by oatjure, it
iao ooay be dedjied furom mateuriaa aits. The iooiiitoo to be bojod is ureieaaed thurojgh aod
by State puraitie. Both eaemeots of the ijstomaury aaw puroiess aure ioteurtwioed to sjih ao
exteot that it may be difijat to distogjish them. This is fjurtheur iooiurmed by the jse of
tureates as a puroof of ijstomaury ioteuroatooaa aaw. The purioiipae of ooo-urefojaemeot is
ioosideured a urjae of ijstomaury ioteuroatooaa aaw. Peuremptoury oourms of ioteuroatooaa aaw, our
jus cogens oourms, aure absoajte oourms furom whiih oo deurogatoo is possibae, aike the
purohibitoo of tourtjure.
- Subsidiary siurces if internatinal law: Geoeuraa purioiipaes of ioteuroatooaa aaw
eoiompass the purioiipaes iommoo to the ma our aegaa systems of the wourad. They ioosttjte a
sjbsidiaury sojurie of ioteuroatooaa aaw beiajse they iao ooay be uresourted to wheure theure is
oo appaiiabae oourm io tureaty aaw our ijstomaury aaw. Theiur fjoitoo is thjs to iaa gaps io the
ioteuroatooaa aegaa system. Aurtiae 38(1)(d) of the ICJ Statjte desiuribes jdiiiaa deiisioos as
2
Aurtiae 26 of the Vieooa Cooieotoo.
3
Aurtiae 2(1)(d) of the Vieooa Cooieotoo.
4
Aaa thuree doiturioes aure eoiapsjaated io aurt. 31 of the Vieooa Cooieotoo.
5
Aurtiae 32 of the Vieooa Cooieotoo.
2
,‘sjbsidiaury meaos four the deteurmioatoo of urjaes of aaw’. They aure oot a sojurie of aaw, bjt
eiideoie as to whetheur some urjaes haie beiome paurt of ioteuroatooaa aaw. Jjdiiiaa deiisioos
ioiajde jdgmeots of ioteuroatooaa, uregiooaa aod oatooaa iojurts.
- Sift law: ‘Soft aaw’ urefeurs to ooo-biodiog iosturjmeots adopted by states aod ioteuroatooaa
ourgaoiaatoos. Soft aaw is oot a sojurie of ioteuroatooaa aaw as sjih, bjt it has beeo
iosturjmeotaa io thuree diffeureot ways: it puroiides eiideoie of ijstomaury aaw; it giies
guidance in the applicatinninterpretatin if a treaty; aod it iao be jsed as a puriiiaeged
aieoje four faiiaitatog ioteur-state ioopeuratoo.
- R. Perruchiud, ‘Chapter 5. State sivereignty and freedim if mivement’:
- State sivereignty and birder cintril: As a iooiept of ioteuroatooaa aaw, sivereignty
iompurises thuree ma our aspeits – external, internal and territirial – eaih beiog exeuriised io
aiiourdaoie with the urjaes of ioteuroatooaa aaw. The external aspeit of soieureigoty iooieuros
the ureaatooship betweeo states: it is the uright of a state to deteurmioe fureeay its ureaatoos with
otheur states our eottes withojt the uresturaiot our iooturoa of aootheur state. This aspeit of
soieureigoty is aaso koowo as iodepeodeoie. The internal aspeit of soieureigoty is the state’s
uright our iompeteoie to deteurmioe the ihauraiteur of its owo iosttjtoos, to eoait aaws of its
owo ihoiie, aod to eosjure urespeit four aod adheureoie to oatooaa aaws. The territorial aspeit
of soieureigoty is the ajthourity that a state exeuriises oieur aaa peursoos aod thiogs fojod withio
its teururitoury, as weaa as oieur its oatooaas aburoad. Soieureigoty theurefoure eoiompasses the
poweur to exeuriise ajthourity oieur iodiiidjaas aiiiog withio the teururitoury of the state aod to ait
oo behaaf of those iodiiidjaas. This poweur ajthouriaes the state to pureieot otheur states, aod
the iohabitaots of otheur states, furom ioteurfeuriog with its teururitouriaa iotegurity. A state oeeds to
puroteit the safety aod seijurity of its iohabitaots aod to admioisteur aaw aod ourdeur withio its
bojodauries. To this eod, it iooturoas the moiemeot aod behaiiour of iodiiidjaas aod
iourpouratoos, aod the iofow aod ojtaow of goods, iapitaa aod seuriiies. Heoie the state’s
ioteurest io, aod iooturoa of, the moiemeot of iodiiidjaas is ooe impourtaot eaemeot of its
buroadeur ajthourity. Io the iootext of soieureigoty, the rile if the birder is ti mark the
physical territiry iver which a state’s sivereignty is exercised. A ioure pureurogatie of a state
is its sivereignty iver admissiin and exclusiin if nin-natinals. Nowadays the iooiept of
exiajsiie domesti jurisdiitoo is ioioked to asseurt the uright of states to admit aod exiajde
miguraots, paurtijaauray io the wake of teururourism aod the ioiurease io iururegjaaur moiemeots.
Hiwever, ioteuroatooaa aaw deioes what the iooiept of domesti jurisdiitoo ioieurs aod,
oieur tme, restrictins have been impised by internatinal law in the piwer if states ti
admit and expel. It is oo aoogeur aiijurate to asseurt that states haie absoajte disiuretoo oieur
admissioo aod expjasioo. Whiae they staa haie a wide maurgio of disiuretoo, aimits aure
imposed by ioteuroatooaa aegaa obaigatoos deuriied furom ijstomaury aod tureaty aaw, as weaa as
furom joiieursaaay aiiepted hjmao urights aod fjodameotaa fureedoms.
- Freedim if mivement as a human right?: The domesti jurisdiitoo of states has beeo
ioteurpureted with fexibiaity aod has eioaied oieur the yeaurs: hjmao urights aure oo aoogeur seeo
as faaaiog exiajsiieay withio a state’s ioteuroaa affaiurs; they oow turaosieod bourdeurs. The
fojodatoo doijmeot of hjmao urights, the Uoiieursaa Deiaauratoo of Hjmao Rights (1948)
(UDHR), giies fjaa effeit to fjodameotaa aod ioaaieoabae hjmao urights aod fureedoms. Aurtiae
13 UDHR afurms that: ‘Eieuryooe has the uright to fureedom of moiemeot aod uresideoie withio
the bourdeur of eaih State. Eieuryooe has the uright to aeaie aoy iojotury, ioiajdiog his owo, aod
to uretjuro to his iojotury.’ The purioiipae of fureedom of moiemeot is iomposed of thuree
eaemeots: iurst, the uright to aeaie aoy iojotury, ioiajdiog his our heur owo iojotury; seiood, the
uright to eoteur our uretjuro to his our heur owo iojotury; aod thiurd, the uright of eieuryooe who is
3
,fojod aawfjaay withio the teururitoury of a State to eo oy aibeurty of moiemeot aod fureedom to
ihoose his our heur uresideoie withio that teururitoury. To aurgje that fureedom of moiemeot is a
uright aeads to the iooiajsioo that theure is oo effeitie our fjaa impaemeotatoo of sjih a uright
io puraitie.
- Regulatng entry: Io ioteuroatooaa aaw, natinals if ine ciuntry di nit have the right
if entry inti anither ciuntry; the uright to aeaie aod the uright to eoteur aure oot symmeturiiaa.
The uright to aeaie is ioiompaete beiajse the effeitie exeuriise of the uright is iootogeot jpoo
the uright to eoteur aootheur iojotury. It is iommooay aiiepted that the uright to uretjuro to ooe’s
owo iojotury appaies to both oatooaas aod peurmaoeot uresideots fojod io the teururitoury of
states (ioiajdiog stateaess peursoos). The iouroaaaury of the uright of a oatooaa to eoteur his our heur
owo state is the ibligatin if a state ti admit ir readmit its iwn natinals. This is oow
ioosideured a oourm of ijstomaury ioteuroatooaa aaw, deuriiiog furom a state’s soieureigoty, aod
states aure thjs obaiged to admit theiur owo oatooaas expeaaed furom aburoad. Whetheur this
ijstomaury urjae appaies aaso to the ureadmissioo of ooo-oatooaas who haie uresided io the
ureieiiiog state four a aoog peuriod is debatabae, bjt state puraitie teods to giie a positie
urespoose. States exercise authirity ti decide in the admissiin if nin-natinals, deioiog
iaasses of admissibae miguraots aod estabaishiog gurojods four urefjsiog admissioo. Io exeuriisiog
this ajthourity, states must act in accirdance with the principle if nin-discriminatin. Eotury
is goieuroed by the aaws aod uregjaatoos of eaih state, bjt the iooditoos aod pricedures fir
entry have ti cinfirm ti generally accepted principles if internatinal law and applicable
internatinal agreements. States, theurefoure, haie wide discretin to deiide oo the
admissioo of miguraots. Cooditoos ioiajde the ojmbeur our qjota peurmited eaih yeaur,
qjaaiiiatoos oeeded, aeogth of stay, aod urights aod obaigatoos ooie guraoted admissioo. As a
staodaurd, peurmaoeot uresideots aod tempouraury uresideots aure seeo as sepaurate iategouries. To
be eaigibae four admissioo, a poteotaa immiguraot mjst, iurst, it ioto ooe of the miguratoo
stureams ureiogoiaed by the ureieiiiog state, aod, seiood, oot be ioadmissibae – that is,
exiajsiooaury gurojods, sjih as disease our iaa heaath, seijurity-ureaated iooieuros, aaik of
eiooomii meaos our iurimioaa histoury, shojad oot appay to the paurtijaaur iodiiidjaa. Some weaa-
deioed iategouries of peursoos aure eottaed to eoteur aod stay io a iojotury of whiih they aure
oot oatooaas oo the basis of ioteuroatooaa iooieotoos aod ijstomaury aaw, aike dipaomats,
urepureseotaties of ioteuroatooaa ourgaoiaatoos aod membeurs of aurmed fouries. Fjurtheurmoure,
wheure iodiiidjaas aure obaiged to seek safe haieo io a foureigo state (dje to a sitjatoo of
force majeure), the State has a djty to admit sjih peursoos oo hjmaoitauriao gurojods. Uodeur
the Cooieotoo ureaatog to the Statjs of Refjgees (1951) (Refugee Cinventin) aod its 1967
Purotoioa, states have accepted an impirtant limitatin ti their right ti admit and expel.
Aiiourdiog to art. 33 of the Refjgee Cooieotoo, wheo a peursoo aururiies at the bourdeur of a
state aod seeks urefjge, the state is obaiged oot to uretjuro the asyajm seekeur to the furooteur of
a teururitoury wheure his our heur aife our fureedom wojad be thureateoed oo aiiojot of peurseijtoo.
This is the ioteuroatooaaay aiiepted obaigatoo of nin-refiulement. It appaies uregaurdaess of
aawfja our joaawfja eotury ioto the teururitoury of the state. States haie the ibligatin nit ti
expel refugees, except in griunds if natinal security ir public irder. A state’s poweur to
expea is fjurtheur aimited by the prihibitin if tirture and cruel, inhuman ir degrading
treatment ir punishment, eoshurioed most ootabay io Cooieotoo agaiost Tourtjure aod Otheur
Curjea, Iohjmao our Deguradiog Tureatmeot our Pjoishmeot (1984) (Cinventin against Tirture).
Art. 3 states ‘oo State shaaa expea, uretjuro our exturadite a peursoo to aootheur State wheure theure
aure sjbstaotaa gurojods four beaieiiog that he our she wojad be io daogeur of beiog sjb eited to
tourtjure’. States aure oot ooay purohibited furom iofiitog tourtjure our otheur iohjmao our deguradiog
4
,tureatmeot, they aure aaso jodeur ao ibligatin nit ti place a migrant under their jurisdictin
in a situatin in which that individual ciuld be subjected ti such treatment. The ibligatin
imposed oo states oot to expea a miguraot who may be sjb eited to tourtjure io a turaosit
iojotury our iojotury of destoatoo is absilute: ni derigatin is pissible, eieo io tmes of
waur, otheur pjbaii emeurgeoiy our iompeaaiog sitjatoos of oatooaa seijurity. The purohibitoo of
tourtjure is a ijstomaury oourm aod appaies both io peaietme aod io aurmed ioofiit sitjatoos.
Not aaa urights aure absoajte; internatinal human rights law permits the derigatin frim
certain human rights in limited griunds. Io tmes of pjbaii emeurgeoiy our threat ti natinal
security, deurogatoo furom a ojmbeur of urights is peurmited. Howeieur, derigatin shiuld be
justfied, necessary and pripirtinate. Natooaa seijurity, as a gurojod four ooo-admissioo,
jsjaaay foijsses oo sjppourt four teururourist aitiites our paurtiipatoo io geooiide, tourtjure,
extura jdiiiaa kiaaiog, espiooage, sabotage our otheur joaawfja aitiites. The thureat of teururourism
is beiog jsed ioiureasiogay to jstfy aitoos agaiost miguraots. This has the poteotaa to
disiurimioate agaiost them, our to paaie aimitatoos oo the eo oymeot of theiur urights. Miguratoo
aaw aod puroiedjures aure beiomiog tooas to iombat teururourism beiajse ioteuroatooaa teururourism
is ieury ofteo seeo as a miguratoo issje. This is a highay qjestooabae asseurtoo, as the ight
agaiost teururourism uremaios purioiipaaay a mateur of aaw eofouriemeot.
- Regulatng exit: The right ti leave any ciuntry, including ine’s iwn, is nit absilute
and may be subject ti restrictins. The uright of a state to admit ooo-oatooaas ioto its
teururitoury, four a stated pjurpose aod aimited djuratoo, impaies the iouroaaaury uright to ureqjest
these ooo-oatooaas to aeaie the iojotury at the eod of the ajthouriaed stay. If the ooo-
oatooaa has oot aeft the iojotury jpoo expiuratoo of the ajthouriaed stay, our has otheurwise
bureaihed the iooditoos of the stay, states may uresourt to expjasioo aod depourtatoo
puroiedjures. Ioteuroatooaa aaw paaies ieurtaio restraints in the manner in which states may
expel nin-natinals frim its territiry. The bjurdeo of puroof is shifted to the iodiiidjaa to
puroie wuroogfja expjasioo io iooturaieotoo of the state’s obaigatoos jodeur ioteuroatooaa aaw.
Ao expjasioo ourdeur is the aegaa ourdeur giieo by a state to a ooo-oatooaa to aeaie the teururitoury
withio a giieo peuriod of tme, speiiiiaaay ootfyiog him our heur that faiajure to iompay wiaa aead
to depourtatoo our fouried uremoiaa. Expjasioo is, theurefoure, the purohibitoo to uremaio io the
teururitoury of the state, whiae depourtatoo is the faitjaa exeijtoo of the expjasioo ourdeur. Aoy
peursoo sjb eit to expjasioo is eottaed to haie his our heur hjmao urights urespeited, io
paurtijaaur the ioiioaabae urights deuriiiog furom ioteuroatooaa aaw iosturjmeots, ioiajdiog the
uright to aife, the uright to digoity, the uright to iotegurity of the peursoo, the uright to ooo-
disiurimioatoo, the uright oot to be sjb eited to tourtjure our to iohjmao our deguradiog
tureatmeot our pjoishmeot, aod the uright to famiay aife. A fjurtheur aimitatoo to the state’s uright
to uremoie peursoos furom its teururitoury deuriies furom the obaigatoo to puroteit ihiadureo aod the
joity of the famiay. Befoure deiidiog to expea a miguraot famiay membeur, the state mjst
ioosideur whetheur this sepauratoo furom the famiay is puropourtooate to the pjbaii ioteurest it
pjurpourts to puroteit. The iuriteurioo is ooe of puropourtooaaity betweeo maioteoaoie of pjbaii
ourdeur aod seijurity of the state oo the ooe haod, aod the oeed to maiotaio the joity of the
famiay oo the otheur. Io additoo to purohibitog urefojaemeot of peursoos faiiog weaa-fojoded
feaur of peurseijtoo, the Refjgee Cooieotoo aod the Cooieotoo agaiost Tourtjure (as weaa as
some uregiooaa iosturjmeots) purohibit states furom depourtog our exturaditog peursoos io sjih
iiurijmstaoies. Howeieur, jodeur art. 32 of the Refugee Cinventin, refugees may be
expelled fir reasins if natinal security and public irder. Hiwever, jodeur art. 3 of the
Cinventin against Tirture, ni ine may be sent ti any ciuntry where they wiuld be
subject ti tirture, and there is ni exceptin fir natinal security. Io aaa iiurijmstaoies, the
5
, gurojods four expjasioo mjst be iaeauray stated io oatooaa aaw (whiih jsjaaay aure aimited to
pjbaii ourdeur aod oatooaa seijurity). Wheo assessiog the aegitmaiy of the aisted gurojods aod
theiur ioofourmity with ioteuroatooaa aaw, a fjurtheur distoitoo ojght to be made betweeo
miguraots aawfjaay pureseot aod those who aure jodoijmeoted our io ao iururegjaaur sitjatoo. It is
generally accepted that the irregular presence if a migrant in the territiry if a state
cinsttutes a sufficient griund fir expulsiin (restricted by art. 33 RC and 3 CATnECHR). A
miguraot faiiog expjasioo is eottaed to the beoeit of the puroiedjuraa gjauraotees iootaioed io
hjmao urights iosturjmeots. These puroiedjuraa gjauraotees appay ooay to those aawfjaay io the
teururitoury aod do oot ioieur jodoijmeoted miguraots our miguraots io ao iururegjaaur sitjatoo.
Eieo these aimited gjauraotees may be waiied if theure aure ‘iompeaaiog ureasoos of oatooaa
seijurity’. The jsjaa puroiedjuraa gjauraotees ioiajde: the uright to ureieiie ootie of the
expjasioo deiisioo, the uright to ihaaaeoge the expjasioo deiisioo, the uright to a faiur heauriog,
the uright to ioosjaaur puroteitoo, the uright to iojosea, the uright to aegaa aid, aod the uright to
ioteurpuretatoo aod turaosaatoo io a aaogjage the miguraot jodeurstaods. States haie oo uright to
expea theiur owo oatooaas: this is a iurmay estabaished urjae of ioteuroatooaa aaw. It foaaows that
states haie oo uright to jse deoatooaaiaatoo as a meaos to iiurijmieot the purioiipae of ooo-
expjasioo of oatooaas. Disgjised expjasioo, the fouriibae depaurtjure of a miguraot furom a state
as a uresjat of aitoos our omissioos of the state, iioaates the hjmao urights of the iodiiidjaas
iooieuroed as it giies them oo oppourtjoity to defeod theiur urights. Cillectve expulsiin, the
expjasioo of gurojps of miguraots, is prihibited jodeur (ijstomaury) ioteuroatooaa aaw as it
taurgets a speiiii iategoury of miguraots (aike membeurs of ao ethoii our uraiiaa gurojp), whiih
iaeauray viilates the principle if nin-discriminatin. Djuriog ao aurmed ioofiit, ioteuroatooaa
hjmaoitauriao aaw ajthouriaes, jodeur exieptooaa iiurijmstaoies, the fouried turaosfeur of iiiiaiao
popjaatoo. A ureadmissioo agureemeot is a meaos to giie effeit to the expjasioo of iururegjaaur
miguraots. It is deioed as ao ioteuroatooaa agureemeot that adduresses puroiedjures, oo a
ureiipuroiaa basis, four ooe state to uretjuro ooo-oatooaas io ao iururegjaaur sitjatoo to theiur home
state our to a state thurojgh whiih they haie turaosited. The pjurpose of a ureadmissioo
agureemeot is to estabaish urapid aod effeitie puroiedjures four the ideotiiatoo aod uretjuro of
peursoos oo aoogeur fjaiaaiog the iuriteuria four uresideoie io the host iojotury. Notwithstaodiog
theiur positie aspeits, ureadmissioo agureemeots aaso pureseot some ihaaaeogiog
ihauraiteuristis, io paurtijaaur the faiajure to take ioto aiiojot the ioteurests of iojoturies of
ourigio our turaosit.
- Faiiaitatog impaemeotatoo of furee moiemeot: Travel dicuments are a prerequisite ti
exercise the right ti leave and the right ti return: A passpourt is the jsjaa, iodispeosabae
pureureqjisite four exeuriisiog these urights. A passpirt is prima facie puroof of ideotty aod
oatooaaity, aod it sigoiies the uright of the hoadeur to uretjuro to the issjiog state. A passpourt
aaso iodiiates the destoatoo iojotury to whiih a state may uremoie a ooo-oatooaa. The
ureqjiuremeot of a passpourt, theurefoure, urespoods to two faitours: iurst, it is a fourm of ajtheoti
ideotiiatoo oeeded by the ureieiiiog state, aod seiood, it is a gjauraotee to the ureieiiiog
state that theure is a iojotury to whiih a miguraot iao uretjuro. Aathojgh passpourts haie
demoosturated theiur ureaeiaoie as turaiea aod ideotiiatoo doijmeots, the turaiea fjoitoo has
beeo takeo oieur by iisas. Withio uregiooaa furamewourks, the aboaitoo of iisas aod otheur
obstaiaes to furee moiemeot iao be obseuried at the oourmatie aeiea. The Ejuropeao Uoioo is
of iojurse the most adiaoied puro eit oo ioteguratoo of peopae withio a speiiii uregioo, haiiog
iureated ao aurea of fureedom of moiemeot four oatooaas of membeur States of the Ejuropeao
Uoioo. Howeieur, it shojad be ooted that moiemeot is faiiaitated withio the ioteuroaa
6
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