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LCDC EXAM STUDY/168 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
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LCDC EXAM STUDY/168 QUESTIONS ANDANSWERS GRADED A+
Two main types of cells in the nervous system - -glia and neurons
-Glia - -Cells that out number neurons, cannot process information like
neurons, make up the blood brain barrier that protects the brain from toxic
chemicals in the blood
-Nervous system - -Consists of neurons, axons and receptors
-Receptors - -Proteins that help regulate activity of cells in the nervous
system. Activation of receptors by neurotransmitters cause a change in
activity of the target cell and many of the effects of psychoactive drugs are
due to the ability to alter neurotransmitters.
-Neurons - -basic structural unit of the nervous system responsible for
analyzing and transmitting information. There are more than 100 billion
neurons in the nervous system
-Synapse - -Typical point of communication, gap between neurons is called
the synaptic cleft.
-Two types of synapses - -Excitatory and inhibitory synapse. The receiving
region is called the dendrite
-Effects on receptors - -Can be agonistic or antagonistic
-Agonistic drugst - -interact with the receptor and produce a response,
agonist (a substance that fully activates the neuronal receptor that it
attaches to) Imitates the action of neurotransmitter, is the use of a (usually)
long-acting medication that stimulates the same brain receptors as the drug
of addiction. The most obvious example is opioid agonist therapy for opioid
addiction using methadone or buprenorphine. An agonist is a drug that
activates certain receptors in the brain. Full agonist opioids activate the
opioid receptors in the brain fully resulting in the full opioid effect. Examples
of full agonists are heroin, oxycodone, methadone, hydrocodone, morphine,
opium and others. Buprenorphine is a partial agonist meaning, it activates
the opioid receptors in the brain, but to a much lesser degree than a full
agonist. A pure opioid antagonist used in medicine is naloxone (not to be
confused with naltrexone).
-Antagonisitic - -Drugs interact with the receptor but prevent a response,
agonist drugs which bind to the neurotransmitters in the brain, antagonist
,drugs do the opposite: they block the brain's neurotransmitters. The action
of neurotransmitter is obstructed. Buprenorphine also acts as an antagonist,
meaning it blocks other opioids, while allowing for some opioid effect of its
own to suppress withdrawal symptoms and cravings.
-Agonist-antagonist opioids - -In pharmacology the term agonist-antagonist
is used to refer to a drug which exhibits some properties of an agonist (a
substance that fully activates the neuronal receptor that it attaches to) and
some properties of an antagonist (a substance that attaches to a receptor
but does not activate it or if it displaces an agonist at that receptor it
seemingly deactivates it thereby reversing the effect of the agonist).
Agonist-antagonist opioids[edit]
The best known agonist-antagonists are opioids. Examples of such opioids
are:
buprenorphine[1] (Suboxone, Subutex)
pentazocine
butorphanol
nalbuphine
-Naloxone (Narcan) - -opioid antagonists that is a short acting drug which
will bring a patient out of an opiate overdose by stripping the opiate from the
opiate receptor and is a life saving drug.
-Naltrexone, - -opioid antagonists that is a short acting opiate/alcohol
blocking agent has been used for the last 30 years. Naltrexone blocks the
pharmacological effects of 25 mg / in the introduction of heroin for 24 hours,
a double dose (100 mg) acts within 48 hours, and 150 mg will affect during
for 3 days. Long-term appointment does not cause tolerance and
dependence. To cut the long story short, when comparing Naltrexone vs
Naloxone it is obvious that Naltrexone is stronger for alcohol dependence but
Naloxone acts faster and remains longer.
-Acetylcholine (ACH), epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin and endorphins - -
Neurotransmitters most likely altered by drug abuse
-Somatic Nervous System - -Carries sensory information from outside the
body into the CNS and motor information out.
-Automatic nervous system (ANS) - -cell bodies are located within the brain
or spinal cord but their axons project outside the CNS to involuntary muscles.
-Automatic nervous system has two componenets - -These componenents
contest with each other: sympathatheic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic
(rest and digest).
, -Sympathetic System - -speeds up hear and breathing rates is
vasoconstrictor amphetamine (Benzedrine) benzylpiperazine (BZP)
cathine (found in Catha edulis) cathinone (found in Catha edulis, khat)
cocaine (found in Erythroxylum coca, coca)
ephedrine (found in Ephedra) lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse)
maprotiline (Ludiomil) MDMA (Ecstasy, Molly)
methamphetamine (Meth, Crank, Desoxyn) methcathinone
methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV)
methylphenidate (Ritalin) 4-methylaminorex
oxymetazoline (Afrin, Vicks Sinex) pemoline (Cylert)
phenmetrazine (Preludin) propylhexedrine (Benzedrex)
pseudoephedrine (Sudafed, SudoGest, also found in Ephedra species)
-GABA - -inhibitory neurotransmitter, sedatives are dependent upon their
binding to the GABA receptors (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is an inhibitory
neurotransmitter that is very widely distributed in the neurons of the cortex.
GABA contributes to motor control, vision, and many other cortical functions.
It also regulates anxiety.
-Depressants - -Depressants/sedative-hypnotics (central nervous system
depressants). Drugs in this class slow/depress the activity of the central
nervous system. Examples of drugs in this classification include, but are not
limited to, alcohol,
benzodiazepines, and barbiturates. They are usually taken orally. The
desired effects are a reduction of anxiety with possible elation secondary to
decreased
alertness and judgment. Other acute effects include sedation, impaired
judgment, impaired ability to operate vehicles or machinery, or respiratory
and cardiac
depression with overdose. The action of sedative-hypnotics is a depression of
the activity at all excitable tissues; in general, it binds to GABA (inhibitory)
receptors
resulting in sedation
-Stimulants - -Drugs in this class increase central nervous system activity.
This classification includes cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamines, and
methylphenidate (Ritalin). Routes of administration vary, powered cocaine is
snorted intranasally, can be liquified and injected intravenously, or it can be
smoked as freebase or, more often, as crack. Amphetamines can be taken
orally, injected intravenously, or smoked. Methylphenidate (Ritalin) is taken
orall
-Hallucinogens/dissociatives. - -These drugs change sensory perception and
have the ability to alter reality and produce hallucination-like effects. This
classification includes naturally occurring and synthetically prepared drugs
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