NBME CBSE: PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCES PT.1 LATEST
2024 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+
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What is a twin concordance study? - ANSWERS-Compares the frequency with
which both monozygotic twins vs both dizygotic twins develop the same disease
to measure heritability and influence of environmental factors.
What is an adoption study? - ANSWERS-Compares behavioral traits/genetics in
siblings raised by biological vs adoptive parents to measure heritability and
influence of environmental factors.
What is an ecological study? - ANSWERS-Compares the frequency of disease and
risk-related factors across populations to measure population data (not applicable
to individuals).
What is a clinic therapeutic trial? - ANSWERS-An experimental study involving
humans that compares the benefits of two or more interventions.
What are the criteria for a high-quality clinical trial? - ANSWERS-Randomized,
controlled, and double-blinded
What is a crossover clinical trial? - ANSWERS-Compares the effect of multiple
treatments on a subject
What is the purpose of randomizing the order of treatments in a crossover trial? -
ANSWERS-To avoid bias
,What is a washout period in a crossover trial? - ANSWERS-A period between
treatments to eliminate any lingering effects
What is the advantage of using a crossover trial? - ANSWERS-Subjects serve as
their own controls
What is the intention-to-treat analysis? - ANSWERS-Analyzing all subjects
according to their original assigned treatment
What is a case series? - ANSWERS-Description of clinical findings/symptoms for
several patients with the same diagnosis, treatment, or outcome.
What is a cross-sectional study? - ANSWERS-Assesses the frequency of disease
and risk-related factors in the present.
What is a case-control study? - ANSWERS-Retrospectively compares a group of
people with a disease to a group without the disease to determine if odds of prior
exposure/risk factor differ.
What is a cohort study? - ANSWERS-Compares a group of people with a given
exposure/risk factor to a group without exposure to determine if the
exposure/risk factor is associated with later development of disease.
What is the purpose of intention-to-treat analysis? - ANSWERS-To avoid bias from
attrition, crossover, and noncompliance
, What is the disadvantage of intention-to-treat analysis? - ANSWERS-May dilute
the true effects of the intervention
What is the as-treated analysis? - ANSWERS-Analyzing subjects according to the
treatment they actually received
What is the disadvantage of as-treated analysis? - ANSWERS-Increases the risk of
bias
What is the per-protocol analysis? - ANSWERS-Excluding subjects who did not
complete the originally assigned treatment
What is the disadvantage of per-protocol analysis? - ANSWERS-Increases the risk
of bias
What are the five phases of clinical trials? - ANSWERS-Preclinical, Phase 0, Phase
1, Phase 2, Phase 3, Phase 4
What happens in the preclinical phase of clinical trials? - ANSWERS-Testing the
drug in lab animals and in vitro
What happens in Phase 0 of clinical trials? - ANSWERS-Initial assessment of
pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics via microdosing
What is the purpose of Phase 1 of clinical trials? - ANSWERS-Safety assessment
and determining the maximum tolerable dose
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