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BIOD 210 Genetics Final Exam Questions and Answers (2024 / 2025) (Verified Answers)
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BIOD 210 Genetics Final Exam Questions and Answers (2024 / 2025) (Verified Answers)
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Genetics 210 Final Exam Study Guide1. Central Dogma of Molecular Biology: 1. DNA Replication: makes DNA copies
that are passed down
2. Transcription: produces RNA copy of a gene
3. Translation: produces a polypeptide using the information in mRNA
Polypeptide can then become part of a functional protein that contributes to an
organisms traits
2. Life Cycle of the Cell: G1-G0-G1-S-G2-Mitosis
3. G1: Interphase growth period within the cell
4. G0: Interphase rest period
5. S: Interphase period of DNA replication, contents of chromosomes double
6. G2: Second phase of interphase growth
7. Molecular Structure of DNA: DNA, also called Deoxyribose nucleic acid, is an
anti-parallel double helix composed of nucleotides.
Each nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a 5 carbon sugar group, and a
nitrogen base (A,G,C,T)
Nucleotides are attached together to form two long strands that spiral to create a
structure called a double helix. If you think of the double helix structure as a
ladder, the phosphate and sugar molecules would be the sides, held together by
phosphodiester bonds, while the bases would be the rungs. The bases on one
strand pair with the bases on another strand: A pairs with T, and G pairs with C,
forming the DNA molecule.
A and T are held together by 2 hydrogen bonds while G and C are held together by
3
8. Molecular Structure of RNA: The structure of RNA is made up of three
components, one of which is a five-carbon sugar called ribose sugar. One of the
carbons of the ribose sugar is attached to a nitrogenous base, which is A,G,C, or
U. Another of the carbons of the ribose sugar is attached to the phosphate group.
Yet another carbon is attached to a hydroxyl group.
What makes RNA different from DNA is that it uses Uracil instead of Thymine and
it has an OH group on the 2' carbon instead of the plain H that DNA has. 9.
, Genetics 210 Final Exam Study Guide
Deoxyribose sugar of DNA compared to Ribose sugar of RNA:
http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/iGen3_02-07_Figure-L.jpg
10. Mitosis: The devision of a mother and daughter cell into genetically identical
cells. Prophase-Prometaphase-Metaphase-Anaphase-Telophase
11. Prophase: Chromosomes are condensed
12. Prometaphase: Nuclear envelope dissolves
13. Meselson and Stahl: Meselson and Stahl's experiment tested which model of
DNA, i.e., the conservative, semi-conservative, and dispersive models, was
correct.
They grew Ecoli in N^15. They then took the N^15 and put it into N^14 medium and
allowed DNA replication to take place. They took samples, spliced them, spun them
in a centrifuge, and viewed which layers emerged because N^15 was heavier than
N^14. They saw that there wasn't just a band for N^15 and N^14, but a half dark,
half light band. This threw the conservative model out. After the second generation
went by there was an equal distribution of half light and half dark bands.
The Semi-Conservative model of DNA was supported by this.
14. Conservative Model: Every time a new molecule of DNA is produced it is
completely brand new (brand new molecule)
15. Semi-conservative Model: Each strand of DNA becomes integrated with a
new strand into a new double helix (half old molecule and half new)
16. Dispersive Model: Both original strands of DNA become interspersed
throughout the new model (unequal proportions of new DNA to old DNA)
17. Metaphase: Chromosomes align along the middle of the cell 18. Chargaff's
Rules: A and T are always in the same abundance.
G and C are always in the same abundance.
Different species have different %AT vs %GC
19. Anaphase: Chromosomes are pulled apart, pulling two identical daughter
chromosomes to each end of the cell
20. Avery Experiment: Determined what material contains genetic material by
extracting protein, DNA, and RNA from IIIS cells through heating. Conducted four
experiments where all material was added to vials of IIR cells.
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