KSU FNDH 400 Final Cumulative Exam,
Complete Verified Solution
Carbohydrates are made of
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Proteins are made of
Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
Lipids include
fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids
Lipids are made of
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Macronutrients definition
Nutrients needed in large amounts
Micronutrients definition
Nutrients needed in smaller amounts but still important
What are the macronutrients?
Carbs, Proteins, Lipids, Water
What are the micronutrients?
Vitamins and minerals
What is a vitamin
COMPOUNDS essential for normal physiological processes
What is a mineral
ELEMENTS essential for normal physiological processes in the body
What is a calorie?
Energy needed to raise 1 g of water 1 degree C
How are kcals determined
A food is put into a bomb calorimeter and the energy output is determined by the heat
produced
Kcal/g of the nutrients
Carbs: 4
Proteins: 4
Lipids: 9
Vitamins, Minerals, Water: 0
Alcohol: 7 (but not a nutrient)
Phytochemical definition
Compounds found in plants that are believed to provide healthy benefits beyond the
traditional nutrients
Phytochemical found in tomatoes that is thought to decrease cancer risk (esp.
prostate)
Lycopene
Diets rich in _____ and ___ have been shown with a decreased rate in chronic
diseases.
fruits and vegetables
Zoochemicals
,Compounds found in animals that are believed to provide healthy benefits beyond the
traditional nutrients
Compounds that are both phyto and zoochemicals
Lutein and Zeaxanthin - yellow carotenoids found in kale, spinach, and corn. or found in
egg yolk
Functional food defintion
A food, or food ingredient, that may provide a health benefit beyond the traditional
nutrients it contains
Scientific method
3 types of studies
Cross-sectional: Present
Case-control: Past
Prospective cohort: future
Cross-sectional study
Compare different populations at the same point in time
Example of a cross-sectional study
French paradox. Despite consuming same amount of cholesterol/saturated fat france
had 5x lower death rate from coronary heart disease. Led to research into resveratol
(red wine)
Ecologic fallacy
Believing that members of the group have characteristcs, which as individuals they do
not
Case control study
Look at a group of cases vs controls
Retrospective
Often uses food frequency questionnaires
Prospective Cohort study
Initial information on a group collected (food frequency questionnaire) and then group is
followed over time to quantify health outcomes of the individual
Framingham Heart Study
Started in 1948
Following residents to identify risk factors for heart disease
Nurses Health Study
Started in 1976
Every 4 years, 122k nurses are given food frequency questionnaires
Health Professionals Follow up study
Started in 1986
51K male health professionals
Every 4 years, food frequency questionnaires
From the Health Professionals Follow Up study, what was determined
Tomato sauce, tomatoes, pizza, and strawberries had decreased incidence of prostate
cancer
What did the foods have in common from the Health Professionals Follow Up
Study?
Tomato --> Lycopene
Strawberries --> Anthocyanins
,In vitro research
Simplest form of nutrition research
Means "within glass"
Cell culture
In vivo research
Animal study
often mice and Rats
Pros/Cons of in vivo research
Pros
Can do tests that are considered unethical for humans
Knows exactly what subject eats
Expert reporting
Cons
Animal metabolism/physiology is different
Clinical trial
Scientifically controlled study using consenting people to find the safety and
effectiveness of different items/regimens
Gold standard
A p-value of less than ___ is used to indicate statistical significance.
Meaning that...
.05
5% of the time the results are accidental or not true
OR, RR, HR values and signficance
<1 is lowered risk with exposure
1 is no effect
>1 is increased risk with exposure
Confidence interval
Estimated range that the measure is calulated to include
Often 95%
Large VI = Less confidence in value
Small CI = More confidence in value
Must not overlap 1 for OR,RR, or HR to be considered significant
American Society for Nutrition publishes which journals?
Journal of Nutrition
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Academy of Nutrition and Dietics publishes which journals?
Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
Systematic literature review; considers which type of studies
Finds conclusion based on evidence in multiple journal articles
Only considers Epidemiological studies and Clinical Trials
Epiemiolgical studies ____ show causalty
Cannot. Instead just identifies relationships or associations
What is the best form of primary research?
Clinical trials/human studies
Ranking of research types, from best to worse
, Systematic Literature Reviews
Clincial trials
Prospective Cohort
Case-Control
Cross-Sectional
Animal Studies/In vivo
In vitro
Order of research progression
Epidemiological
In vitro
Animal studies
Clinical trials
Beta carotene and lung cancer
Thought high dose beta-carotene would decrease lung cancer risk, but actually
increased it!
Selenium, Vitamin E, Prostate Cancer
Thought it would decrease prostate cancer. Vitamin E increased cancer, Selenium
increased diabetes
Secondary result
Not primary outcome the trial was designed to find
Reductionist approach
Takes a complex food and reduces it to simpler componets
Monosaccharides
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Disaccharides
Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose
Glucose + Glucose = Maltose
Glucose + Galactose = Lactose
What are polysaccharides? Common forms?
>10 sugars
Starch (Amylose and Amylopectin)
Glycogen
Fibers (Cellulose, Gums, Pectin)
Oligosaccharides
Raffinose
Stachyose
Glucose
6-member ring
Product of photosynthesis
Major source of energy in our body
Fructose - bond appearance?
5-member ring
Commonly found in fruits
Commercially used in many beverages
Complete Verified Solution
Carbohydrates are made of
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Proteins are made of
Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
Lipids include
fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids
Lipids are made of
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Macronutrients definition
Nutrients needed in large amounts
Micronutrients definition
Nutrients needed in smaller amounts but still important
What are the macronutrients?
Carbs, Proteins, Lipids, Water
What are the micronutrients?
Vitamins and minerals
What is a vitamin
COMPOUNDS essential for normal physiological processes
What is a mineral
ELEMENTS essential for normal physiological processes in the body
What is a calorie?
Energy needed to raise 1 g of water 1 degree C
How are kcals determined
A food is put into a bomb calorimeter and the energy output is determined by the heat
produced
Kcal/g of the nutrients
Carbs: 4
Proteins: 4
Lipids: 9
Vitamins, Minerals, Water: 0
Alcohol: 7 (but not a nutrient)
Phytochemical definition
Compounds found in plants that are believed to provide healthy benefits beyond the
traditional nutrients
Phytochemical found in tomatoes that is thought to decrease cancer risk (esp.
prostate)
Lycopene
Diets rich in _____ and ___ have been shown with a decreased rate in chronic
diseases.
fruits and vegetables
Zoochemicals
,Compounds found in animals that are believed to provide healthy benefits beyond the
traditional nutrients
Compounds that are both phyto and zoochemicals
Lutein and Zeaxanthin - yellow carotenoids found in kale, spinach, and corn. or found in
egg yolk
Functional food defintion
A food, or food ingredient, that may provide a health benefit beyond the traditional
nutrients it contains
Scientific method
3 types of studies
Cross-sectional: Present
Case-control: Past
Prospective cohort: future
Cross-sectional study
Compare different populations at the same point in time
Example of a cross-sectional study
French paradox. Despite consuming same amount of cholesterol/saturated fat france
had 5x lower death rate from coronary heart disease. Led to research into resveratol
(red wine)
Ecologic fallacy
Believing that members of the group have characteristcs, which as individuals they do
not
Case control study
Look at a group of cases vs controls
Retrospective
Often uses food frequency questionnaires
Prospective Cohort study
Initial information on a group collected (food frequency questionnaire) and then group is
followed over time to quantify health outcomes of the individual
Framingham Heart Study
Started in 1948
Following residents to identify risk factors for heart disease
Nurses Health Study
Started in 1976
Every 4 years, 122k nurses are given food frequency questionnaires
Health Professionals Follow up study
Started in 1986
51K male health professionals
Every 4 years, food frequency questionnaires
From the Health Professionals Follow Up study, what was determined
Tomato sauce, tomatoes, pizza, and strawberries had decreased incidence of prostate
cancer
What did the foods have in common from the Health Professionals Follow Up
Study?
Tomato --> Lycopene
Strawberries --> Anthocyanins
,In vitro research
Simplest form of nutrition research
Means "within glass"
Cell culture
In vivo research
Animal study
often mice and Rats
Pros/Cons of in vivo research
Pros
Can do tests that are considered unethical for humans
Knows exactly what subject eats
Expert reporting
Cons
Animal metabolism/physiology is different
Clinical trial
Scientifically controlled study using consenting people to find the safety and
effectiveness of different items/regimens
Gold standard
A p-value of less than ___ is used to indicate statistical significance.
Meaning that...
.05
5% of the time the results are accidental or not true
OR, RR, HR values and signficance
<1 is lowered risk with exposure
1 is no effect
>1 is increased risk with exposure
Confidence interval
Estimated range that the measure is calulated to include
Often 95%
Large VI = Less confidence in value
Small CI = More confidence in value
Must not overlap 1 for OR,RR, or HR to be considered significant
American Society for Nutrition publishes which journals?
Journal of Nutrition
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Academy of Nutrition and Dietics publishes which journals?
Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
Systematic literature review; considers which type of studies
Finds conclusion based on evidence in multiple journal articles
Only considers Epidemiological studies and Clinical Trials
Epiemiolgical studies ____ show causalty
Cannot. Instead just identifies relationships or associations
What is the best form of primary research?
Clinical trials/human studies
Ranking of research types, from best to worse
, Systematic Literature Reviews
Clincial trials
Prospective Cohort
Case-Control
Cross-Sectional
Animal Studies/In vivo
In vitro
Order of research progression
Epidemiological
In vitro
Animal studies
Clinical trials
Beta carotene and lung cancer
Thought high dose beta-carotene would decrease lung cancer risk, but actually
increased it!
Selenium, Vitamin E, Prostate Cancer
Thought it would decrease prostate cancer. Vitamin E increased cancer, Selenium
increased diabetes
Secondary result
Not primary outcome the trial was designed to find
Reductionist approach
Takes a complex food and reduces it to simpler componets
Monosaccharides
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Disaccharides
Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose
Glucose + Glucose = Maltose
Glucose + Galactose = Lactose
What are polysaccharides? Common forms?
>10 sugars
Starch (Amylose and Amylopectin)
Glycogen
Fibers (Cellulose, Gums, Pectin)
Oligosaccharides
Raffinose
Stachyose
Glucose
6-member ring
Product of photosynthesis
Major source of energy in our body
Fructose - bond appearance?
5-member ring
Commonly found in fruits
Commercially used in many beverages
