PHTLS 9th Edition Self-test Questions and Answers (Verified Answers)
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PHTLS
PHTLS 9th Edition Self-test Questions and Answers (Verified Answers)
A 30 year old male is injured in a terror bombing. He experiences traumatic amputation of his left leg at knee level. An improvised tourniquet was put in place by bystanders. The victim is conscious and in severe pain. You firs...
DSM 5 Exam Study Guide, Complete Solution
(Answered)
Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders
Includes schizophrenia, other psychotic disorders, and schizotypal (personality) disorder
-schizotypal personality disorder
-delusional disorder
-brief psychotic disorder
-schizophreniform disorder
-schizophrenia
-schizoaffective disorder
-substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder
-psychotic disorder due to another medical condition
-catatonia associated w/ another mental disorder (Catatonia specifier)
-other specified..., and unspecified...
-[attenuated psychosis syndrome]
Defined by abnormalities in one or more of the following five domains:
1. delusions
2. hallucinations
3. disorganized thinking (speech)
4. grossly disorganized or abnormal motor behavior (including catatonia)
5. negative symptoms
Delusions
Fixed beliefs that are not amenable to change in light of conflicting evidence.
-bizarre
-persecutory
-grandiose
-erotomanic
-nihilistic
-somatic
-thought withdrawal
-thought insertion
-delusions of control
One of the five domains of schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders.
Hallucinations
Perception-like experiences that occur without an external stimulus. They are vivid and
clear, with the full force and impact of normal perceptions, and not under voluntary
control. May occur in any sensory modality but auditory are the most common in
schizophrenia and related disorders.
One of the five domains of schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders.
Disorganized Thinking (speech)
,Typically inferred from the individual's speech (also known as formal thought disorder).
The individual may switch from one topic to another (derailment or loose associations).
Answers to questions may be obliquely related or completely unrelated (tangentiality).
Rarely, speech may be so severely disorganized that it is nearly incomprehensible and
resembles receptive aphasia in its linguistic disorganization (incoherence or "word
salad")
Because it is common and nonspecific, the symptom must be severe enough to
substantially impair effective communication. Less severe symptoms may occur during
the prodromal and residual periods of schizophrenia.
One of the five domains of schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders.
Grossly Disorganized or Abnormal Behavior (including catanoia)
May manifest itself in a variety of ways, ranging from childlike "silliness" to unpredictable
agitation. Problems may be noted in any form of goal-directed behavior, leading to
difficulties in performing activities of daily living.
One of the five domains of schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders.
Catatonic Behavior
A marked decrease in reactivity to the environment.
-ranges from resistance to instructions (negativism) to maintaining rigid, inappropriate or
bizarre posture to a complete lack of verbal and motor responses (mutism and stupor)
-can also include purposeless and excessive motor activity without obvious cause
(catatonic excitement)
-repeated stereotyped movements, starting, grimacing, mutism and the echoing of
speech
-catatonic symptoms are nonspecific and may occur in other mental disorders (bipolar
or depressive disorders with catatonia) and in medical conditions (catatonic disorder
due to another medical condition)
Included in the Grossly Disorganized or Abnormal Motor Behavior domain of
schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders.
Negative Symptoms
Account for a substantial portion of the morbidity associated with schizophrenia, but are
less prominent in other psychotic disorders.
Two are most prominent in schizophrenia:
-diminished emotional expression
-avolition
Others include
-alogia
-anhedonia
-asociality
One of the five domains of schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders.
,Diminished Emotional Expression
Includes reductions in the expression of emotions in the face, eye contact, intonation of
speech (prosody), and movements off the hand, head and face that normally give an
emotional emphasis to speech.
A type of negative symptom. One of the two most prominent negative symptoms in
schizophrenia.
Avolition
A decrease in motivated self-initiated purposeful activities. The individual may sit for
long periods of time, and show little interest in participating in work or social activities.
A type of negative symptom. One of the two most prominent negative symptoms in
schizophrenia.
Alogia
A negative symptom that is manifested by diminished speech output.
Anhedonia
A negative symptom in which there is a decreased ability to experience pleasure from
positive stimuli, or a degradation in the recollection of pleasure previously experienced.
Asociality
A negative symptom that refers to the apparent lack of interest in social interactions and
may be associated with avolition, but it can also be a manifestation of limited
opportunities for social interactions.
Genetics Factors of Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders
Increased risk of Schizophrenia in first degree relatives:
-risk of one parent w/ schizophrenia: ~13%
-risk of two parents w/ schizophrenia: ~50%
Twin studies:
-large differences in concordance rates between monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic twins
(DZ)
-MZ: 25-50%
-DZ: 6-15%
-shared environment may contribute up to 11% of variance in symptom onset
Not just genetic.
-80% of persons w/ psychotic symptoms do not have a parent with disorder
-60% have a negative family history
Prevalence of Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders
Delusional Disorder: ~0.2% (lifetime) M=F
Brief Psychotic Disorder: In US, may account for 9% of first onset psychotic disorder
-2:1 F:M
Schizophrenia: 0.3-0.7 (lifetime)
-onset males: early to mid 20s
-onset females: late 20s
, Schizoaffective Disorder: 0.3% (lifetime)
-F>M due to increase incidence of depressive subtype in women
-typical age of onset = early adulthood
-over diagnosis of schizophrenia vs. schizoaffective disorder in African Americans and
Hispanic population (be careful to assess both affective and psychotic symptoms)
Risk Factors of Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders
-migrant status
-older fathers
-toxoplasmosis gondii antibodies
-prenatal famine
-lifetime cannabis use
-winter or spring birth
Perinatal Factors:
-increased risk in infants of mothers exposed to influenza during second trimester and
birth during winter months
Age and Sex:
-onset in males is 3-5 years earlier than females
-onset before 10 yrs old is very rare
-onset after 50 yrs old is very rare
-prevalence is equal between boys and girls until puberty
-prevalence is greater in men than women throughout most of adulthood
-prevalence in higher in women after age 45
-no difference in prevalence by the end of life
-women tend to have a less severe course of the illness and are more responsive to
antipsychotic drugs
Social Class:
-Lower SES and elevated rate
-cause vs. effect (stress vs. social drift)
Urban:
-incidence higher among children growing up in urban environment
Culture:
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