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Bio 121 Exam 1 Questions and Correct Answer2.
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Bio 121 Exam 1 Questions and CorrectAnswers
What are some factors that determines species complexity? - correct answers:The different TYPES of
cells & number of different proteins encoded by genes
How do all cells store their hereditary information? - correct answers:in DNA
Define transcription - correct answers:DNA strand copied into new molecule of (mRNA)
Define translation - correct answers:Process that takes the mRNA and turns it into a series of amino acids
with peptide bonds
Are proteins the only function molecules encoded by genes? Explain. - correct answers:No, some encode
tRNAS, rRNAS, and other types of RNA.
What is the difference between the meanings of the words 'genome' and 'genotype'? - correct
answers:Genome = total number of DNA in a cell or organism
Genotype = the specific set of alleles in a genome of an organism
What is an allele and how does it relate to an individuals genotype? - correct answers:-pairs or series of
genes on a chromosome that determine the hereditary characteristics
-specific set of alleles encode for specific traits
What is the difference between traditional genetic phenotype, cellular phenotype, and molecular
phenotype? - correct answers:Traditional - observable phenotype features
Cellular - specific changes in cell level
Molecular - specific changes in gene/protein sequence (mutations/structure)
,Can you determine which organisms are likely to be more complex? - correct answers:The only definitive
indicator of species complexity is the complexity of gene regulation (how genes are expressed)
There is a core set of 60 genes shared by ALL organisms.
so it could be either of the options
50k genes, 200k bases or 10k genes and 500 mill bases
Are genes expressed in our cells that are also expressed by bacteria? Are there genes in our cells that can
be found in any organism? Explain. - correct answers:Yes, every cell w/ DNA does
transcription/translation. We share a ribosomal gene with bacteria and other organisms. This indicates
cells are related.
The small ribosomal subunit is highly conserved across all species. What does that tell us about this
gene? Is this stretch of DNA somehow resistant to mutation? If not, why don't we observe mutations as
often in this gene? - correct answers:It tells us that it performs a critical function across all species.
Yes, it's resistant to mutation as it is important for survival. A mutation would change the function of the
gene.
Also mutation of the small ribosomal subunit ==> cell death.
What is Pliebald Syndrome? What is it caused by? - correct answers:- a mutation in certain genes that
causes a person to lack melanocytes or the cells responsible for pigmentation. The condition leads to the
presence of white patches of skin or hair at birth, making people more at risk of sunburn and skin cancer.
-Mutation in the KIT gene. These function the same in humans and mice. Studying mutations in KIT gene
altering its function in mice, we can learn how to better treat children carrying same mutation.
If the function of a gene product is essential, the DNA sequence of that gene is more likely to be what?
and why? - correct answers:Conserved
because if the function of a gene product is essential, then an organism would die if it lost that essential
function.
, What does miRNA do? - correct answers:MicroRNA helps regulate TRANSLATION of mRNA (60% of the
genome)
What are the two different types of natural genetic flow (define natural genetic flow as well)? Define
each. - correct answers:Natural genetic flow = how genes move within a population
Vertical transfer: parent to progeny
Horizontal: between organism that already exist NOT linked to reproduction/cell division
What type of transfer to bacteria use? What type do viruses use? - correct answers:Bacteria - can use
BOTH vertical (during cell division) and horizontal transfer
Bacterial conjugation: F plasmids (small, circular DNA) can be horizontally transferred across bacterial
cells
Viruses: can cause horizontal gene transfer across different bacterial cells (Bacterial virus called T4
bacteriophage can take up bacterial DNA during its replication within a bacterium)
Vertical transfer is used by? and what does it incrase? - correct answers:sexually producing organisms
primarily use it, increases potential for genetic variability
During vertical transfer, what three processes can lead to a high degree of potential genetic variability in
offspring? Define and explain one of three - correct answers:1) Independent Assortment in Meiosis leads
to potential genetic variability in offspring
Process:
- homologous pairs of chromosomes orient randomly during Metaphase I of meiosis
-each pair of chromosomes sorts maternal and paternal homologues into daughter cells independently
of the other pairs
- the number of combinations possible when chromosomes assort independently into gametes in 2n,
where n is the haploid number
-for humans (n=23), there are more than 8 million possible combinations of chromosomes
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