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Introduction to Immunology
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Clinical Immunology, Immunepathologies, Defense Mechanisms, Innate and Adaptive Immunity,
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Cells and Immunity 2Week 1
Mike Fry
Introduction to Immunology
Clinical Aspects of Immunology;
- Pathogens are a health issue / vaccines are a key public health measure [Other key
factors; poor sanitation, water supply, malnutrition, insect vectors, limited medical
access]
- Edward Jenner 1796; interested in Cow Pox.
o Observed milkmaids who have cow pox don’t contract small pox
o Hypothesis; introducing fluid from cowpox into people protected from
smallpox
o Method; 8yr old James Phipps who was exposed to cow pox and deliberately
exposed him to small pox and boy remained healthy = vaccination
- 1853; compulsory vaccination started in Britain for small pox
- 1960’s; WHO has global vaccination program / eradication through mass vaccination
and isolation
- 1975; last known natural occurring case
- 1980; small pox eradicated
Immunepathologies;
- Hypersensitivity; too strong a reaction to it. Allergies.
- Autoimmunity; immune system doesn’t recognize self antigens, attack the body [Type
I diabetes/ arthritis]
- Immunodeficiency; too weak a reaction to pathologies [mutation/ damage]
o Severe combines immunodeficiency syndrome [SCID]; boy in the bubble, can
live inside the bubble with filtered air. No functional B/T cells.
o Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [AIDS]; viral HIV
Threats to healthy organisms;
- Mechanical wounds / trauma
- Internal faults [stroke / heart attack]
- Cellular abnormities [cancer]
- Agents of disease; [pathogenic microorganisms / parasites]
- Tissue grafts / organ transplants
Barrier defenses;
- Ear; cerumen inhibits bacterial growth
- Eyes; cleansed by tears [chemically inhibiting bacterial growth]
- Nasal cavity; hair/mucus trap microorganisms
- Mouth cavity; mucous membrane traps microorganism / cleaned by saliva]
- Trachea and bronchi; mucus layer traps
- Stomach; acidic juices
- Urethra; unidirectional flow prevents bacterial growth
- Vagina; acidic secretion inhibits growth
- Anus; mucous membrane trap
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