Weight changes in 1st year of life - Answer- Weight increases 6-8lbs, up to 20lbs in the
1st year of life
When does the posterior fontanelle close? Anterior? - Answer- posterior- 2 months,
anterior- 9-18 mo
when do the abdominal muscles close? - Answer- 3 years
When are the testicles descended? - Answer- usually descended at birth, but
spontaneous descent may occur in the first year after birth. (usually 6 months)
what do you assess for with infants musculoskeletal system? - Answer- leg fold
symmetry
hib abduction- no clicks
Ortolani maneuver - Answer- check hips for congenital dislocation, done until 1 yr old,
should be smooth with no sounds
, abnormal= feels like a clunk as head of femur pops back into place- positive ortolani
sign
Barlow maneuver - Answer- place your index and middle finger over the greater
tronchanter. Gently push both knees together at midline downwards.
Positive:"Clunk" sounds or palpating trochangter being displaced by the index/middle
finger
Infantile eczema - Answer- atopic dermatitis is an inflammation of genetically
hypersensitive skin
- local vasodilation in affected areas
spongiosis or breakdown of dermal cells and formation of intradermal vesicles
- rarely seen in breastfed infants until they begin to eat additional food
- it is a symptom rather than a disorder
- infant is oversensitive to certain substances
Worse in winter
why is acid reflux common in infants? - Answer- their sphincters are not mature, break
up feedings ~15mL, burp, then return.
When does colic usually resolve? - Answer- by 6 months
Toddler weight gain per year - Answer- 4-6lbs per year,
grow 3 inches pe ryear
, In toddler always assess for? - Answer- anterior fontanel (should be closed by 18 m-2
yrs.
screen for strabismus
tooth eruption- if no teeth by 18 mo= xray
assess for hip dysplasia, gait, bowlegged
-DTRs
-Babinski + (dorsiflex) normal in infant less than 24 mo
what age do you screen for hearing and vision? - Answer- at 3 years
School age children grow more steadily? - Answer- 2 in/year
4-6lbs/ year
In adolescence when does puberty begin in girls? - Answer- 9-13 years
when does puberty begin in boys? - Answer- 11-14 years
At what ages do puberty changes develop in girls? - Answer- breast enlargement 8-13
yr
axillary hair 11-13 yrs
pubic hair 10-12 years
menarche 10-16 years
at what ages do puberty changes develop in boys? - Answer- genital enlargement 9-13
yrs
axiallary hair 12-14 yrs
facial hair 11-14 yrs
pubic hair 12-15 yrs
Tanner Stages Girls - Answer- 1. Preadolescent breasts, breast papilla elevated above
breast wall. no pubic hair.
2. *puberty starts* Breast buds with areolar enlargement, papilla forms small mound.
scant pubic hair, light pigment.
3. Breast and areola grow together in one mound. no separation. pubic hair more
abundant.
4. Areola and nipple project as secondary mound. pubic hair abundant but smaller area
than adult. menstruation starts.
5. Adult breast: Areola recedes, nipple retracts
Tanner stages boys - Answer- 1 prepubertal- no pubic hair, scrotum and pedis are
childhood size
2 enlargement of scrotum- puberty starts. age11-13. increased testicular size, pubic hair
scant and lightly pigmented. scrotum reddened and textured
3 (age 13-14) enlargement of penis (length). testicular growth. increase in pubic hair
and pigment
4 (14-15) enlargement of penis (breadth). acne. voice changes.
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