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Summary Organic Chemistry GCSE Revision
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Edexcel IGCSE Chemistry Revision, Organic Chemistry (including hydrocarbons)
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Organic Chemistry Revision SheetAlkanes
- Alkanes are hydrocarbons which means they are made up of
only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
- Hydrocarbons are found as a mixture in crude oil.
- The general formula for Alkanes in CnH2n+2
Number Name Molecul Displayed Structural
of Carbon ar formula formula
Atoms Formul
a
1 Methane CH4 CH4
2 Ethane C2H 6 CH3 CH3
3 Propane C3H 8 CH3 CH2 CH3
4 Butane C4H10 CH3 CH2 CH2
CH3
5 Pentane C5H12 CH3 CH2 CH2
CH2 CH3
-Alkanes are saturated organic compounds because they only
contain single carbon bonds
- Alkanes are a homologous series because:
1. They have similar chemical properties
2. They show a trend in physical properties
3. They all have the same general formula
4. Each successive member differs by a -CH2 group.
Alkenes
Number Name Molecul Displayed Structural
of Carbon ar formula formula
Atoms Formul
a
2 Ethene C2H 4 CH2 CH2
3 Propene C3H 6 CH3 CH CH2
, Organic Chemistry Revision Sheet
4 Butene C4H 8 CH3 CH CH CH3
5 Pentene C5H10 CH3 CH CH CH2
CH3
-Alkenes are hydrocarbons which means they are made up of
only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
- The general formula for Alkanes in CnH2n
- Alkenes are unsaturated organic compounds because they
contain at least one carbon carbon double bond.
- Alkenes are a homologous series.
Reactions of Alkanes and Alkenes
- They both react with halogens but under different conditions
- Alkenes:
React with halogens at room temperature.
Example: Ethene + Bromine 1,2, dibromoethane
- This is an example of an addition reaction because
only one product was made.
- The orange bromine water will turn colourless on
addition of ethene.
Hydration of Ethene:
- Ethene + water Ethanol
- This is an example of an addition reaction as only
one product is made
- Reaction conditions:
Temperature – 300 degrees Celsius
Pressure – 60-70 atm
Catalyst – Phosphoric Acid
- Alkanes:
React with halogens in the presence of UV light.
Do not react in the presence of UV light.
Example: Methane + Bromine Bromomethane +
Hydrogen Bromide
- Bromine water turns from orange to colourless with
a requirement of UV light
- This is an example of a substitution reaction as one
bromine atom replaces a hydrogen atom.
Alkanes undergo combustion reactions in the presence of
oxygen.
Combustion
- There are two types of combustion: Incomplete and Complete.
- Complete Combustion
Occurs when there is plenty of oxygen available.
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