BIO 210 LAB EXAM 1 | QUESTIONS & ANSWERS (VERIFIED) | LATEST UPDATE | GRADED A+

1 BIO 210 LAB EXAM 1 | QUESTIONS & ANSWERS (VERIFIED) | LATEST UPDATE | GRADED A+ Define the relationship between anatomy and physiology Correct Answer: Anatomy is the study of internal and external body structures and their physical relationships among other body parts. In contrast, physiology, is the study of how living organisms per-form their functions. Discuss form and function Correct Answer: All specific functions are performed by specific structures, and the form of a structure relates to its function Cephalic Correct Answer: head Frons (frontal) Correct Answer: forehead Oculus, Ocular, Orbital Correct Answer: eye 2 Nasus (nasal) Correct Answer: nose Auris (otic) Correct Answer: ear Bucca (buccal) Correct Answer: cheek Cervicis (cervical) Correct Answer: neck Mentis (mental) Correct Answer: chin Oris (oral) Correct Answer: mouth thoracic, thorax Correct Answer: chest Mamma (mammary) 3 Correct Answer: breast axilla (axillary) Correct Answer: armpit Andomen Correct Answer: abdominal umbilicus (umbilical) Correct Answer: navel pelvis Correct Answer: pelvic Inguen (inguinal) Correct Answer: groin pubis Correct Answer: pubic brachium (brachial) Correct Answer: arm 4 antecubital Correct Answer: front of elbow antebrachium (antebrachial) Correct Answer: forearm Carpus (carpal) Correct Answer: wrist Manus (manual) Correct Answer: hand Palma (palmar) Correct Answer: palm pollex Correct Answer: thumb Digits (phalanges) Correct Answer: fingers, toes femur, femoral Correct Answer: thigh 5 Patella (patellar) Correct Answer: kneecap Crus (crural) Correct Answer: lower leg Tarus (tarsal) Correct Answer: ankle Pes (pedal) Correct Answer: foot hallux Correct Answer: great toe Acromion, Acromial Correct Answer: top of shoulder dorsum/dorsal Correct Answer: upper back lumbus (lumbar) 6 Correct Answer: lower back Olecranon (olecranal) Correct Answer: back of elbow Gluteus (gluteal) Correct Answer: butt poplitieus, popliteal Correct Answer: back of the knee Sura (sural) Correct Answer: calf Calcaneus (calcaneal) Correct Answer: heel Planta (plantar) Correct Answer: sole of foot right upper quadrant Correct Answer: liver, gallbladder 7 left upper quadrant Correct Answer: stomach, spleen right lower quadrant Correct Answer: appendix left lower quadrant Correct Answer: sigmoid colon right hypochondriac region Correct Answer: liver, gallbladder, kidney epigastric region Correct Answer: liver, stomach, pancreas, duodenum left hypochondriac region Correct Answer: stomach, spleen, large intestine, kidney right lumbar region Correct Answer: large intestine, small intestine umbilical region Correct Answer: large intestine, small intestine 8 left lumbar region Correct Answer: large intestine, small intestine right inguinal region Correct Answer: appendix, small intestine hypogastric region Correct Answer: appendix, small intestine, bladder left inguinal region Correct Answer: large intestine, small intestine thoracic cavity Correct Answer: contains right and left pleural cavity, mediation, pericardium right and left pleural cavity Correct Answer: lungs Mediastinum Correct Answer: trachea, esophagus, major vessels Pericardium 9 Correct Answer: heart (within mediastinum) Abdominalpelvic cavity Correct Answer: contains abdominal and pelvic cavities abdominal cavity Correct Answer: digestive organs and glands pelvic cavity Correct Answer: Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and parts of digestive tract body cavities Correct Answer: allows change in size and shape of organs, protects delicate organs, and linings surround organs and reduce friction viscera Correct Answer: internal organs that are partially or fully enclosed by body cavity serous membrane Correct Answer: two layered membrane with fluid between layers visceral layer 10 Correct Answer: lines visceral organs parietal layer Correct Answer: lines inner surface of body cavity Anterior (ventral) Correct Answer: forward Posterior (dorsal) Correct Answer: backwards cranial/cephalic Correct Answer: toward the head (upwards) superior Correct Answer: above inferior Correct Answer: below superficial Correct Answer: near the surface 11 deep Correct Answer: further away from the surface Proximal Correct Answer: Closer to the point of attachment Distal Correct Answer: away from the point of attachment medial Correct Answer: toward the midline lateral Correct Answer: away from the midline intermediate Correct Answer: between a more medial and a more lateral structure transverse plane Correct Answer: separates superior and inferior sagittal plane Correct Answer: midsagittal- separates left and right equally 12 parasagittal- separates right and left unequally frontal(coronal) plane Correct Answer: separates anterior and posterior flexion Correct Answer: decreases joint angle extension Correct Answer: increase joint angle hyperextention Correct Answer: extension past the normal point adduction Correct Answer: brings body part towards midline on coronal plane abduction Correct Answer: takes body part away form midline on coronal plane supination Correct Answer: palms facing forward/upward 13 pronation Correct Answer: palms facing down/backwards internal/medial rotation Correct Answer: turn inwards external/ lateral rotation Correct Answer: turn outward protraction Correct Answer: moves anteriorly on a horizontal plane retraction Correct Answer: moves posteriorly on a horizontal plane plantar flexion Correct Answer: ankle extensions (point toes) Dorsiflexion Correct Answer: ankle flexion opposition Correct Answer: specialized thumb movement, touch thumb to 5th finger 14 reposition Correct Answer: return thumb to normal position elevation Correct Answer: raise or lift a body part vertically depression Correct Answer: lower or drop a body part vertically inversion Correct Answer: roll ankle outward, sole of foot points medially eversion Correct Answer: roll ankle inward, sole of foot points laterally epithelial tissue Correct Answer: A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out connective tissue Correct Answer: widely scattered cells with plenty of space, wide assortment and variety muscle tissue 15 Correct Answer: A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move. nervous tissue Correct Answer: A body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body. lumen Correct Answer: space within a tubular part or organ, such as the space within a blood vessel apical surface Correct Answer: an upper free surface exposed to the body exterior or the cavity of an internal organ microvilli Correct Answer: Fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane of apical epithelial cells, increase surface area, aid in absorbtion, exist on every moist epithelia, but most dense in small intestine and kidney cilia Correct Answer: Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion 16 gap junctions Correct Answer: allows for communication between cells desmosome Correct Answer: anchors cells together and to structures tight junction Correct Answer: prevents communication basal surface Correct Answer: The bottom layer of epithelial tissue that attaches to the basement membrane basement membrane Correct Answer: Cells at the base of an epithelial layer are attached to this. touches the connective tissue simple squamous epithelium Correct Answer: single layer of flattened cells; found in air sacs, lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels simple cuboidal epithelium 17 Correct Answer: single layer of cube shaped cells; found in ducts and secretory portions of glands, and kidney tubules simple columnar epithelium Correct Answer: Made up of a single layer of tall cells that fit closely together; found in bronchi, uterine tubes, uterus, bladdar pseudostratified columnar epithelium Correct Answer: tissue that consists of a single layer of irregularly shaped and sized cells that give the appearance of multiple layers; found in trachea and much of upper respiratory tract stratified squamous epithelium Correct Answer: multiple layers of flat cells; used for protection; found in esophagus, mouth, and vagina stratified columnar epithelium Correct Answer: multiple layers of rectangular epithelial cells; rare and highly specialized; found in the ducts of large glands transitional epithelium Correct Answer: disorganized looking, not sure which one it wants to be; found in bladder, urethra, and ureters 18 goblet cell Correct Answer: a column-shaped cell found in the respiratory and intestinal tracts, which secretes the main component of mucus. endocrine gland Correct Answer: secrets into blood stream, ductless gland exocrine gland Correct Answer: secretes through ducts, products go outside of body surface Merocrine gland Correct Answer: uses vesicles to secrete apocrine gland Correct Answer: pinches off a portion of cell to secrete holocrine glands Correct Answer: cell dies and becomes a part of secretion product matrix Correct Answer: fluid like background substance 19 elastin fibers Correct Answer: fibers made of the protein elastin that increase the elasticity of the dermis; branched and wavy collagen fibers Correct Answer: consists of a bundle of fiberous protein subunits wound together; long, straight, and unbrached reticular fibers Correct Answer: contains same subunits as collagen, but arranged differently; branching, interwoven framework that is tough yet flexible ground substance Correct Answer: fills the spaces between cells and surrounds connective tissue fibers Fibroblasts Correct Answer: form all three connective tissues by secreting protein subunits that interact in the matrix mesenchyme Correct Answer: embryonic connective tissue areolar connective tissue 20 Correct Answer: covered by epithelial lining; used as a cushion; loose connective tissue adipose connective tissue Correct Answer: acts as a storage depot for fat; isolates and cushions; loose connective tissue reticular connective tissue Correct Answer: forms supporting tissue in walls of many visceral organs; provides supportive framework; loose connective tissue dense regular connective tissue Correct Answer: attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction; tendons dense irregular connective tissue Correct Answer: able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength; fibrous capsules of organs and joints, dermis of the skin elastic connective tissue Correct Answer: allows recoil of tissue following stretching; maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration; ligaments blood 21 Correct Answer: Connective tissue made of plasma, erythrocytes(red blood cells), leukocytes(white blood cells), and platelets. plasma Correct Answer: Liquid part of blood lymph Correct Answer: interstitial fluid Cartilage Correct Answer: A connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together. Condrocytes Correct Answer: mature cartilage cells Lacunae Correct Answer: small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes or condrocytes (bone or cartilage) Perichondrium Correct Answer: sets apart cartilage from surrounding tissues; 2 layers, fibrous region of dense irregular connective tissue (outer) and cellular layer (inner) 22 hyaline cartilage Correct Answer: Most common type of cartilage; tough but somewhat flexible bc matrix has closely packed collagen fibers; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose elastic cartilage Correct Answer: cartilage with abundant elastic fibers; found in ears, nose Fibrocartilage Correct Answer: cartilage that contains fibrous bundles of collagen; resists compression, prevents bone to bone contact, and limits movement; found in intervertebral disks in the spinal cord. Bone Correct Answer: osseous tissue ostecytes Correct Answer: mature bone cells lamellae Correct Answer: Concentric rings made up of groups of hollow tubes of bone matrix Canaliculi 23 Correct Answer: Hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal periosteum Correct Answer: A dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones; serves as an attachment for tendons and muscles. trabecular bone Correct Answer: spongy bone cortical bone Correct Answer: compact bone Haversian System Correct Answer: Osteon; basic unit of compact bone Haversian canal Correct Answer: centeral canal; conatins one or more blood vessels; run parallel to the surface of body Volkmann's canals Correct Answer: perforating canals; extend perpendicular to the surface of body 24 Keratinocytes Correct Answer: The most abundant epidermal cells, they function mainly to produce keratin. Melanocytes Correct Answer: produce and store melanin in stratum basale, gives skin's brown tone strata layers Correct Answer: basale spinosum grandulosum lucidum (thick only) corneum stratum basale Correct Answer: the deepest layer of the epidermis, connects to basement membrane that separates dermis and epidermis, stem cell divide to make daughter cells stratum spinosum Correct Answer: daughter cells from basale get pushed up, consists of 8-10 layers of keratinocytes, specific cells participate in immune response of superficial skin cancers and microorganisms 25 stratum granulosum Correct Answer: 3-5 layers of keratinocytes, once cells are pushed into this layer they are done dividing and focus on producing keratin stratum lucidum Correct Answer: densely packed cells filled with keratin, only in thick skin (palms and soles of feet) stratum corneum Correct Answer: 15-30 layers of keratinized cells, found on all exposed skin except eyes, water resistant, takes 7-10 to go from basale to corneum Dermis layers Correct Answer: papillary and reticular papillary layer Correct Answer: Consists of areolar tissue Contains smaller capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and sensory neurons dermal papillae Correct Answer: dermal projections projecting up towards epidermis, creating a larger surface for attachment 26 Meissner's corpuscles Correct Answer: sensitive touch, pressure, and low frequency vibration receptors in the dermis, most abundant in eyelids, lips, fingertips, nipples, external genitalia reticular layer Correct Answer: deep to papillary layer, consists of dense irregular connective tissue, has sensory receptors for touch, pressure, pain, vibration, temperature, and blood vessels that assist in thermoregulation Pacinian corpuscles Correct Answer: respond to deep pressure, pulsing, and high frequency vibration, found throughout dermis in fingers, mammary glands, external genitalia, joint capsules, and fasciae (stabilizing connective tissue fibers) subcutaneous tissue Correct Answer: superficial fascia, the connective tissue fibers interwoven with those of dermis Sabaceous glands Correct Answer: holocrine oil glands that release oily lipid secretions into hair follicles called sebum sudoriferous glands 27 Correct Answer: sweat glands, 2 types: merocrine(eccrine) and aprocrine merocrine (eccrine) glands Correct Answer: releases sweat directly on surface of skin, highest numbers in palms and soles apocrine glands Correct Answer: found in axillary and groin regions releasing a sticky, cloudy, and odorous sweat ceruminous glands Correct Answer: modified sweat glands, located in external ear canal, works with sebaceous glands to secretes cerumen (earwax) arrector pili muscle Correct Answer: composed of a bundle of smooth muscle cells (involuntary) and extends from the papillary layer of the dermis to the hair follicle, when stimulated in contracts pulling on the follicle forcing the hair to stand erect. nail body Correct Answer: visible part of the nail lunula 28 Correct Answer: The half-moon-shaped, whitish area at the base of a nail free edge Correct Answer: part of the nail plate that extends over the tip of the finger or toe nail bed Correct Answer: area of epidermis covered by and deep to the nail body Eponychium Correct Answer: cuticle, portion of stratum corneum beginning at nail root melanin Correct Answer: A pigment that gives the skin its color, produced by melanocytes, 2 types: eumelanin and pheomelanin eumelanin Correct Answer: Produces brown to black pigments in the hair and skin pheomelanin Correct Answer: Produces yellow to red pigments in the hair and skin, present in lips, nipples, vagina, and glans penis ABCDE rule 29 Correct Answer: Asymmetry Border Color Diameter Elevation