PSYC 2600 Test 2 Mazurek (Questions + Answers) Solved

social perception - Answer-how we form impressions of, and make inferences about, other people nonverbal communication - Answer-the way in which people communicate without words, whether intentional or not; nonverbal cues include facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, body position and movement, the use of touch, and gaze Vrij, Edward, and Bull (2001) - Answer-tested changes in nonverbal cues when lying vs. when telling the truth - more speech hesitations when lying - longer speech pauses when lying - less arm and hand gestures when lying - less hand and finger movement when lying primary emotions - Answer-happiness, surprise, fear, disgust, anger, sadness affect blends - Answer-facial expressions in which one part of the face registers as one emotion but another part of the face registers as another display rules - Answer-culturally determined rules about which nonverbal behaviors are appropriate to display in different situations emblems - Answer-nonverbal signs that have a well-defined meaning within a given culture Asch (1946): Experiment VI - Answer-participants were asked to read a list of words, either: (a) intelligent, industrious, impulsive, critical, stubborn, envious or (b) envious, stubborn, critical, impulsive, industrious, stubborn When asked to rate this person, people who read the (a) list rated this person more positively than those with the (b) list. This shows the primacy f perseverance - Answer-the tendency to stick with an initial judgment even in the face of new evidence that should make us reconsider attribution theory - Answer-a description of the way in which people explain the causes of behavior, both their own and of others internal attribution - Answer-the inference that a person is behaving a certain way because of something about the person external attribution - Answer-the inference that a person is behaving a certain way because of something about the situation he or she is in; "she had a bad day" or "he must be tired" covariation model (Kelley) - Answer-consensus: how do other people behave in the situation? - high: most people act like this -low: not many people behave like this consistency: does this person usually behave like this? -high: they always behave like this -low: they rarely behave this way distinctiveness: does the person's behavior only occur in this situation? -high: they don't behave like this in other situations -low: they behave like this in many other situations perceptual salience - Answer-the seeming importance of information that is the focus of people's attention two-step attribution process (Gilbert) - Answer-1) characterization -we make an automatic internal attribution 2) correction -we consider situational factors (controlled) Jones and Davis (1967) - Answer-task: judge personality based on writing IV: chosen position vs. assigned position DV: estimate of writer's true attitudeEven if the writer was assigned, people attributed the opinions expressed by the writer to their true opinions. This shows the fundamental attribution error. self-serving attributions - Answer-explanations for one's successes that credit internal factors, and explanations for one's failures that blame external factors belief in a just world - Answer-a form of defensive attribution wherein people assume that bad things happen to bad people and that good things happen to good people bias blind spot - Answer-the tendency to think that other people are more susceptible to attributional biases in their thinking than we are self concept - Answer-the overall set of beliefs people have about their personal attributes independent view of self - Answer-a way of defining oneself in terms of one's own internal thoughts, feelings, and actions