NASM Full Glossary
A-Band
The region of the sarcomere where myosin fi laments are predominantly seen with minor overlap of the actin fi laments
Abduction
A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body
Acceleration
When a muscle exerts more force than is being placed on it...
NASM Full Glossary
A-Band
The region of the sarcomere where myosin fi laments are predominantly seen with
minor overlap of the actin fi laments
Abduction
A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body
Acceleration
When a muscle exerts more force than is being placed on it, the muscle will shorten.
Also known as a concentric contraction or force production
Acidosis
The accumulation of excessive hydrogen that causes increased acidity of the blood and
muscle
Actin
One of the two major myofi laments, actin is the "thin" fi lament that acts along with
myosin to produce muscular contraction
Action Potential
Nerve impulse that allows neurons to transmit information
Active Flexibility
The ability of agonists and synergists to move a limb through the full range of motion
while their functional antagonist is being stretched
Active-Isolated Stretch
The process of using agonists and synergists to dynamically move the joint into a range
of motion
Acute Variables
Important components that specify how each exercise is to be performed
Adaptive
Capable of changing for a specifi c use
Adduction
Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body
Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
A high-energy compound occurring in all cells from which adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
is formed
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Energy storage and transfer unit within the cells of the body
Adequate Intake (AI)
A recommended average daily nutrient intake level, based on observed
(or experimentally determined) approximations or estimates of nutrient intake that are
assumed to be adequate for a group (or groups) of healthy people. This measure is
used when
an RDA cannot be determined
Advanced Stage
The second stage of the dynamic pattern perspective theory when learners
gain the ability to alter and manipulate the movements more effi ciently to adapt to
,environmental
changes
Aerobic
Activities requiring oxygen
Afferent Neurons
(Also known as sensory neurons.) They gather incoming sensory information
from the environment and deliver it to the central nervous system
Agility
The ability to accelerate, decelerate, stabilize, and change direction quickly while
maintaining
proper posture
Agonist
Muscles that are the primary movers in a joint motion. Also known as prime movers
Alarm Reaction
The fi rst stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), the initial reaction
to a stressor
Altered Reciprocal Inhibition
The concept of muscle inhibition, caused by a tight agonist,
which inhibits its functional antagonist
Amortization Phase
The electromechanical delay a muscle experiences in the transition from
eccentric (reducing force and storing energy) to concentric (producing force) muscle
action
Anaerobic
Activities that do not require oxygen
Anaerobic Threshold
The point during high-intensity activity when the body can no longer
meet its demand for oxygen and anaerobic metabolism predominates; also called
lactate
threshold
Anatomic Locations
Refers to terms that describe locations on the body
Anatomic Position
The position with the body erect with the arms at the sides and the palms
forward. The anatomic position is of importance in anatomy because it is the position of
reference
for anatomic nomenclature. Anatomic terms such as anterior and posterior, medial and
lateral, and abduction and adduction apply to the body when it is in the anatomic
position
Annual Plan
Generalized training plan that spans 1 year to show when the client will progress
between phases
Antagonist
Muscles that act in direct opposition to agonists (prime movers)
Anterior (or Ventral)
On the front of the body
,Aortic Semilunar Valve
Controls blood fl ow from the left ventricle to the aorta going to the
entire body
Appendicular Skeleton
Portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower
extremities
Arteries
Vessels that transport blood away from the heart
Arterioles
Small terminal branches of an artery, which end in capillaries
Arteriosclerosis
A general term that refers to hardening (and loss of elasticity) of arteries
Arthritis
Chronic infl ammation of the joints
Arthrokinematics
1. Joint motion. 2. The motions of joints in the body
Arthrokinetic Dysfunction
1. A biomechanical and neuromuscular dysfunction in which
forces at the joint are altered, resulting in abnormal joint movement and proprioception
2. Altered forces at the joint that result in abnormal muscular activity and impaired
neuromuscular
communication at the joint
Arthrokinetic Inhibition
The neuromuscular phenomenon that occurs when a joint dysfunction
inhibits the muscles that surround the joint
Articular (Hyaline) Cartilage
Cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of bones
Articulation
Junctions of bones, muscles, and connective tissue at which movement occurs. Also
known as a joint
Assessment
A process of determining the importance, size, or value of something
Association Stage
Fitt's second stage in which learners become more consistent with their
movement with practice
Atherosclerosis
1. Clogging, narrowing, and hardening of the body's large arteries and
medium-sized blood vessels. Atherosclerosis can lead to stroke, heart attack, eye
problems,
and kidney problems. 2. Buildup of fatty plaques in arteries that leads to narrowing and
reduced blood fl ow
Atmospheric Pressure
Everyday pressure in the air
Atrioventricular (AV) Node
A small mass of specialized cardiac muscle fi bers, located in the
wall of the right atrium of the heart, that receives heartbeat impulses from the sinoatrial
, node
and directs them to the walls of the ventricles
Atrioventricular Valves
Allow for proper blood fl ow from the atria to the ventricles
Atrium
The superior chamber of the heart that receives blood from the veins and forces it into
the ventricles
Augmented Feedback
Information provided by some external source such as a fi tness professional,
videotape, or a heart rate monitor
Autogenic Inhibition
The process by which neural impulses that sense tension are greater
than the impulses that cause muscles to contract, providing an inhibitory effect to the
muscle
spindles
Autonomous Stage
Fitt's third stage of motor learning in which the learner has refi ned the
skill to a level of automation
Axial Skeleton
Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral
column
Axon
A cylindric projection from the cell body that transmits nervous impulses to other
neurons
or effector sites
Backside Mechanics
Proper alignment of the rear leg and pelvis during sprinting, which
includes ankle plantarfl exion, knee extension, hip extension, and neutral pelvis
Balance
1. The ability to sustain or return the body's center of mass or line of gravity over its
base of support. 2. When the body is in equilibrium and stationary, meaning no linear or
angular movement
Ball-and-Socket Joint
Most-mobile joints that allow motion in all three planes. Examples
would include the shoulder and hip
Basal Ganglia
A portion of the lower brain that is instrumental in the initiation and control of
repetitive voluntary movements such as walking and running
Beta-oxidation (b-oxidation)
The breakdown of triglycerides into smaller subunits called free
fatty acids (FFAs) to convert FFAs into acyl-CoA molecules, which then are available to
enter
the Krebs cycle and ultimately lead to the production of additional ATP
Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve
Two cusps control the blood fl ow from the left atrium to the left
ventricle
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