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ANS 319 Exam 2 With All Questions and Answers
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ANS 319 Exam 2 With All Questions andAnswers
-Main carbohydrate: Starch
-Class: Polysaccharide
- Composition: Ⲁ-glucose
-Bonds: Found at Ⲁ-1,4 and Ⲁ-1,6
-Digestion: Small Intestine
-Enzyme: Maltase - ANSWER 1) A pig consumes a diet containing
corn grain:
Identify the major carbohydrates in that diet and describe their class
(monosaccharide, disaccharide, or, ......etc.), the building blocks,
type of bonds (alpha or beta), where in the digestive tract they are
digested, and at least one enzyme involved in digestion of each
carbohydrate.
Main carbohydrate: Lactose
-Class: Disaccharide
-Composition: Glucose and Galactose
-Bonds: Beta bonds
-Digestion: Small Intestine
-Enzyme: Lactase enzyme - ANSWER A pig consumes a diet
containing skimmed milk powder:
Identify the major carbohydrates in that diet and describe their class
(monosaccharide, disaccharide, or, ......etc.), the building blocks,
type of bonds (alpha or beta), where in the digestive tract they are
,digested, and at least one enzyme involved in digestion of each
carbohydrate.
Main carbohydrate: Sucrose
-Class: Disaccharide
-Composition: Glucose and Fructose
-Bonds: Alpha and Beta bonds
-Digestion: Small Intestine
-Enzyme: Sucrase - ANSWER A pig consumes a diet containing
molasses:
Identify the major carbohydrates in that diet and describe their class
(monosaccharide, disaccharide, or, ......etc.), the building blocks,
type of bonds (alpha or beta), where in the digestive tract they are
digested, and at least one enzyme involved in digestion of each
carbohydrate.
In the lumen there is the apical membrane blocking the way to the
basal membrane and bloodstream. A Na-dependent glucose
transporter (SGLT1) is used to transport sugars like Glucose and
Galactose into the enterocyte. It is sodium dependent because
sodium ions must be transported in order for each of the sugars to
pass through. To do this, the sodium must be high in concentration
outside in the lumen but low concentration on the inside of the
enterocyte. This creates a gradient caused by sodium potassium
ATPase pump. This is also known as our secondary active transport.
More specifically, it pulls out sodium to create a low concentration
and pumps in potassium. This means this process does require direct
ATP usage meaning it is a Primary Active Transport system. With this
sodium gradient, sodium rushes in along with galactose and glucose.
- ANSWER Describe how glucose is absorbed from the lumen to
the blood stream. Be sure to give the transporters, any special
requirements associated with transporters, if ATP is utilized or not
(directly or indirectly), and how you classify the mode of transport
,based on all those information.
Grass fed cattle consume a large amount of cellulose. This cellulose
is broken down into Glucose. Glucose is then fermented into acetate
and butyrate. In the process, CO2 and H2 is released in both
reactions. Therefore, there is more of CO2 and H2 for the reaction of
CH4 (methane).
In grain-fed cattle, they consume a large amount of starch. This is
broken down into glucose and fermented. Once again, acetate is
produced with CO2 and H2 being released. However, instead of
butyrate, propionate is created using up a bit of the H2 and it does
not produce CO2. In the end, less H2 and CO2 is produced and less
methane is created. - ANSWER Grass-fed cattle are often found to
emit more enteric methane per unit (kg) of feed they eat than
grain-fed cattle. Provide an explanation to this observation based on
what you learned in MODULE3.
When eating grain diet, they dairy cows are consuming starch. When
starch is broken down and fermented, it produces propionate and
acetate. Propionate is the main factor in the process of glucogenesis.
Glucogenesis will use propionate to produce more glucose in the
body and the cow will receive more glucose from digesting the
starch. Both of these operations increase the glucose amount in the
body which the body synthesizes into lactose. Increasing the grain
percent will increase the glucose production which directly
increases lactose production.
In summery:
High forage=low glucose to the blood
High grain=high glucose to the blood - ANSWER Explain how
increasing grain content in the diet from 30 to 50% would increase
lactose yield of dairy cows
Steam flaked corn is corn that has been processes differently
compared to whole corn. Whole corn has a protective layer over the
starch preventing the enzymes from being able to digest it
, effectively. By adding steam or boiling the corn it breaks down the
granules and allows the enzymes to easily access the starch. For
specifically steam-flakes, steam is added until the granule "explodes"
which provides a lot more surface area for the enzymes. This allows
for an increase in digestibility and a decrease in starch in the feces. -
ANSWER Explain why pigs eating steam-flaked corn would excrete
less starch in feces than pigs eating the same amount of
unprocessed whole corn
1) The rumination of grain-based diets short due to how fast
fermentation of starch is. It also will have less saliva and less
bicarbonate added to the rumen because grain-based diets are
already broken up compared to grass fed meals. This means there is
less bicarbonate to neutralize the Hydrogen protons causing the
increased acidity.
2) High grain diets cause a dip in pH because starch fermentation is a
very fast process. Therefore, the acids that are produced during this
time may be too much to absorb as fast as they are being produced. -
ANSWER Give two reasons why grain-fed cattle would experience
greater declines in rumen pH after a meal compared to grass-fed
cattle
Essential amino acids are REQUIRED building blocks for the body to
properly function or to synthesize new proteins. Such examples
include Valin, Threonine, and Lysine. They CANNOT be synthesized
by the body.
Conditionally essential amino acids are required by specific
conditions. Young pigs require Proline for a limited amount of time.
People with phenylketonuria require the amino acids Tyrosine. In
other words, conditionally essential amino acids are acids that the
body might need at specific times of life or special conditions such as
medical conditions. - ANSWER Define the terms "essential amino
acids" and "conditionally essential amino acids"
1. Phenylalanine
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