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advanced pathophysiology NR 507 final exam Questions and Correct Answers, With Complete Solution. Updated 2024, 318 Questions and Answers.
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Advanced pathophysiology NR 507
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Advanced Pathophysiology NR 507
advanced pathophysiology NR 507 final exam Questions and Correct Answers, With Complete Solution. Updated 2024, 318 Questions and Answers.
Fat Soluble Hormones
Steroids
Water Soluble Hormones
Need 2nd Messenger to transport across phospholipid membranes
Pituitary Hormones
TSH, GH, ACTH, FSH...
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advanced pathophysiology NR 507 final exam
Questions and Correct Answers, With Complete
Solution. Updated 2024, 318 Questions and Answers.
Fat Soluble Hormones
Steroids
Water Soluble Hormones
Need 2nd Messenger to transport across phospholipid membranes
Pituitary Hormones
TSH, GH, ACTH, FSH, LH, Oxytocin, ADH, Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
Anterior Pituitary
Acct for 75% of total weight of pituitary gland. Three regions, pars distalis, parts
tuberalis, and pars intermedia. Pars distalis is major component of Anterior Pituitary and
source of Anterior Pituitary Hormones.
Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis)
Arises from 3rd ventricle of brain, consists of three parts, median eminence, pituitary
stalk, and infundibular process (pars nervosa or neural tube). Median eminence is
composed mainly of nerve endings of axons that arise primarily from ventral
hypothalamus.
Hypothalamic releasing Hormones in Posterior pituitary's median eminence.
Includes 10 hypothalamic releasing hormones and neurotransmitters such as
dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and histamine.
Pituitary stalk
contains axons of neurons that originate in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of
the hypothalamus.
Hormones of posterior pituitary
ADH, and Oxytocin (Peptide Hormones)
ADH (antidiuretic Hormone)
Major homeostatic function of posterior pituitary is control of plasma osmolality, as
regulated by ADH
Hypothalamic hormones and target tissues (Hypophysiotropic hormones)
HORMONES: Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH), Gonadotropoin-releasing
hormone (GnRH), Somatostatin, Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH),
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH),
Substance P, Dopamine, Prolactin-releasing factor.
TARGET Tissue: Anterior Pituitary
Somatostatin
Inhibits release of growth hormone and TSH
Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone
Stimulates release of FSH and LH
Dopamine
Inhibits synthesis and secretion of prolactin
Prolactin-releasing factor (PRF)
Stimulate secretion of prolactin
,Tropic Hormones of Anterior Pituitary and their function
ACTH, Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH, Somatotropic hormones, GH, prolactin,
LH, TSH, FSH, glycoprotein hormones
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
SECRETORY CELL TYPE: Corticotropic
TARGET ORGANS: Adrenal Gland (cortex)
FUNCTIONS: Increased steroidogenesis (cortisol, and androgenic hormones
Prolactin,
Milk production
TSH
Increased production and secretion of thyroid hormone
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Ovulation, progesterone production (in glanulosa cells)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Follicle maturation, estrogen production (In Women: Granulosa Cells, In Men: Sertoli
Cells)
B-Lipotropin
Fat breakdown and release of fatty acids (Corticotropic, from Adipose Cells)
B-Endorphins
Analgesia; may regulate body temp, food and water intake (Corticotropic, Adipose cells,
brain opioid receptors)
ADH functions
Homeostasis, control plasma osmolality. Acts of Vasopressin 2 (V2) receptors of renal
tubular cells to increase permeability which leads to increased water reabsorption into
the blood and production of more concentrated urine, these may be inhibited by
hypercalcemia, prostaglandin E, and hypokalemia.
Osmoreceptors
High levels of ADH
Acts on Vasopressin 1 receptors causing vasoconstriction
ADH secretion is controlled by:
osmoreceptors of the hypothalamus. Stimulated by increased plasma osmolality, then
ADH secretion is increased, water is then reabsorbed from the kidney, and plasma is
diluted to its' setpoint osmolality (280 mOsm/kg). ADH has an indirect affect on
electrolyte levels due to increased water reabsorption. Electrolytes may decrease.
ADH secretion is also increased by changes in intravascular volume monitored by
mechanoreceptors in left atrium and carotid and aortic arches. Volume loss through
trauma (7%-25%) acts on receptors to stimulate ADH secretion.
ADH secretion decreased with:
Decrease in plasma osmolality, increase in intravascular volume, hypertension,
increase in estrogen, progesterone, angiotensin II levels, and alcohol ingestion
ADH (given as Vasopressin) may help to:
Increase BP and to achieve hemostasis during volume loss during shock states.
Oxytocin
Responsible for contraction of uterus and milk ejection in lactation, and may effect
sperm motility in men. Oxytocin is stimulated by sucking and mechanical distention of
, femaile reproduction tract. Oxytocin binds to myoepithelial cells in mammary tissues
and causes the contraction of those cells. "let down" reflex
Hormones of Anterior Pituitary
ACTH, MSH, LH, GH, FSH, and TSH
Anterior Pituitary composed of two main cell types:
Chromophobes, and chromophils
Chromophobes appear to be non-secretory, and Chromophils are secretory cells of the
adenohypophysis.
Chromophils and its' seven secretory cell types
Regulation of anterior pituitary is achieved by:
feedback from hypothalamic releasing-inhibitory hormones and factors, and feedback
from target gland hormones (cortisol, estrogen).
Growth Hormone secretion is controlled by 2 hormones from the
__________________, ______________________and ________________
hypothalamus, Growth Hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) which releases, and
somatostatin which inhibits GH.
GH is released by the?
GH is released from the pituitary in a pulsatile fashion, and overall secretion peaks
during adolescence.
GH is essential for what?
Growth, effects of aging, sleep, nutritional status, stress, and reproductive hormones
Anabolic functions of GH are mediated by?
partially by insulin-like growth factors (IGF's) or also called somatomedins.
IGF (insulin-like growth factors)
IGF-1, and IGF-2, IGF-1 most biologically active. IGF-2 causes a negative effect on
tissue thus balancing IGF-1
Pineal Gland
Located in the brain and composed of photoreceptive cells that secrete melatonin.
Melatonin
In Pineal Gland. Its' release is stimulated by darkness, and inhibited by light exposure. It
is synthesized from tryptophan which is first converted to serotonin than to melatonin.
Thyroid hormone (TH) is regulated by:
through a negative feedback loop involving hypothalamus
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
synthesized and stored within the hypothalamus initiates negative feedback loop
TRH levels increase with exposure to what?
Cold or stress and decreased levels of T4.
TSH is a glycoprotein synthesized and stored where?
Anterior pituitary
When TSH is secreted by the anterior pituitary it circulates to bind with what?
TSH receptor sites located on plasma membrane of thyroid follicular cells
What are the effects of TSH on the thyroid?
increase in release of stored thyroid hormone, increase in iodide uptake and oxidation,
and increase in thyroid hormone synthesis, increase in the synthesis and secretion of
prostaglandins by the thyroid.
Thyroid hormones have a ____________feedback effect.
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