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Comprehensive lecture notes from weeks 1 to 12 for Personality and Social Psychology (PSY2042) 2018.
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tĞĞŬϭůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽďũĞĐƚŝǀĞƐ͗^ŽĐŝĂůĐŽŐŶŝƚŝŽŶĂŶĚƐŽĐŝĂůŝŶĨůƵĞŶĐĞϭ͘hŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ͕ƉƵƌƉŽƐĞĂŶĚƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĨŽĐƵƐƐĞƐŽĨƐŽĐŝĂůƉƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐLJ͕ƌŽůĞŽĨƐŽĐŝĂůƉƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐŝƐƚƐ͕ĂŶĚ
ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŵĞƚŚŽĚƐƵƚŝůŝƐĞĚŝŶƐŽĐŝĂůƉƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐLJ͘
Ϯ͘ƉƉƌĞĐŝĂƚĞƚŚĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶĨŽƌŵŝŶŐŝŵƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶƐŽĨŽƚŚĞƌƉĞŽƉůĞ͕ƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶŝŶĨůƵĞŶĐŝŶŐ
ƚŚĞƐĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ͕ĂŶĚďŝĂƐĞƐƚŚĂƚŵĂLJďĞŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ͘
ϯ͘ĞƐĐƌŝďĞƉŚĞŶŽŵĞŶĂƐƵĐŚĂƐƐŽĐŝĂůƐĐŚĞŵĂƐͬƐĐƌŝƉƚƐĂŶĚƐĐŚĞŵĂĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶ͕ƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽĨĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐĂŶĚ
ƉƌŽƚŽƚLJƉĞƐ͕ĂŶĚĂƉƉƌĞĐŝĂƚĞƚŚĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐͬƉƵƌƉŽƐĞŽĨĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝƐĂƚŝŽŶĂŶĚƐƚĞƌĞŽƚLJƉŝŶŐ͘
ϰ͘ƉƉƌĞĐŝĂƚĞƚŚĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽĨƐŽĐŝĂůĞŶĐŽĚŝŶŐ͕ĨĂĐƚŽƌƐƚŚĂƚŝŶĨůƵĞŶĐĞƉĞŽƉůĞ͛ƐĂƚƚĞŶƚŝŽŶ͕ĂŶĚŚŽǁŵĞŵŽƌLJĨŽƌ
ƉĞŽƉůĞǁŽƌŬƐ͘
ϱ͘hŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚƚŚĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚďŝĂƐĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƐŽĐŝĂůŝŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ͕ƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨŚĞƵƌŝƐƚŝĐƐ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƚŝŽŶƐŚŝƉ
ďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂĨĨĞĐƚĂŶĚƐŽĐŝĂůĐŽŐŶŝƚŝŽŶ͘
ϲ͘ džƉůĂŝŶƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƐŽĐŝĂůŝŶĨůƵĞŶĐĞĂŶĚĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŝŶĨůƵĞŶĐŝŶŐĐŽŵƉůŝĂŶĐĞ͕ŽďĞĚŝĞŶĐĞƚŽĂƵƚŚŽƌŝƚLJ͕ĂŶĚ
ĐŽŶĨŽƌŵŝƚLJ͘
ϳ͘ĞƐĐƌŝďĞƚŚĞƚŚĞŽƌŝĞƐƵŶĚĞƌůLJŝŶŐŵŝŶŽƌŝƚLJŝŶĨůƵĞŶĐĞĂŶĚƐŽĐŝĂůĐŚĂŶŐĞ͘
KǀĞƌĂůů͗hŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚǁŚĂƚŝƐŵĞĂŶƚďLJƐŽĐŝĂůĐŽŐŶŝƚŝŽŶ͕ǁŚĂƚƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŝŶƚŚŝƐĂƌĞĂŚĂƐƚĂƵŐŚƚƉƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐŝƐƚƐ
ĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞǁĂLJƉĞŽƉůĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂŶĚƐƚŽƌĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶĂďŽƵƚŽƚŚĞƌƐ͕ĂŶĚŚŽǁƚŚŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶĂĨĨĞĐƚƐƚŚĞǁĂLJ
ƉĞŽƉůĞƉĞƌĐĞŝǀĞĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƚǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌƐ͘
WĂƌƚϭ͗/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶƚŽ^ŽĐŝĂůWƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐLJ
WĂƌƚϮ͗^ŽĐŝĂůŽŐŶŝƚŝŽŶ
WĂƌƚϯ͗^ŽĐŝĂů/ŶĨůƵĞŶĐĞ
WĂƌƚϭ͗/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶƚŽ^ŽĐŝĂůWƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐLJ
^ŽĐŝĂůƉƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐLJŝƐĞƐƐĞŶƚŝĂůůLJƐŽĐŝĂůŝŶĨůƵĞŶĐĞ͕ƚŚĞĞĨĨĞĐƚŽĨǁŽƌĚƐ͕ĂĐƚŝŽŶƐŽƌƚŚĞŵĞƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨŽƚŚĞƌ
ƉĞŽƉůĞŚĂǀĞŽŶŽƵƌŽǁŶƚŚŽƵŐŚƚƐ͕ĨĞĞůŝŶŐƐĂŶĚĂƚƚŝƚƵĚĞƐ͘
WĞƌƐŽŶĂůŝƚLJƉƐLJĐŚĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ͕ŚŽǁƚŚĞŝƌƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůŝƚŝĞƐŵĂŬĞƐƚŚĞŵĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚĨƌŽŵŽƚŚĞƌƐ͕
ŝŐŶŽƌĞƐƚŚĞƉŽǁĞƌĨƵůƌŽůĞƉůĂLJĞĚďLJƐŽĐŝĂůŝŶĨůƵĞŶĐĞ͘
^ŽĐŝŽůŽŐLJĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶƐŽĐŝĞƚLJĂƚůĂƌŐĞ͘
^ŽĐŝĂůƉƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐLJĨŽĐƵƐĞƐŽŶƚŚĞŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨĂƐŽĐŝĂůƐŝƚƵĂƚŝŽŶ͘
DƵĐŚŽĨǁŚĂƚǁĞůĞĂƌŶŚĂƐĂďĂƐŝƐŝŶŽƵƌƐŽĐŝĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ͕ůĞĂƌŶŚŽǁƚŽƌĞƐƉŽŶĚƚŽĐĞƌƚĂŝŶƐŝƚƵĂƚŝŽŶƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶŽƵƌ
ƐŽĐŝĂůĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͕ďĂƐĞĚŽŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞƚŚĞŐƌŽƵƉƉƵƚƐŽŶƵƐ͘
ͲхĐŽŶĨŽƌŵŝƚLJ͕ŚŽǁǁĞƌĞĂĐƚĂƐĂŶŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůďĂƐĞĚŽŶƚŚĞŐƌŽƵƉ͕ǁĞĐŽŶĨŽƌŵƚŽƐŽĐŝĂůĞdžƉĞĐƚĂƚŝŽŶƐ
&ƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůĂƚƚƌŝďƵƚŝŽŶĞƌƌŽƌ;& Ϳ
dŚĞƚĞŶĚĞŶĐLJƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶŽƵƌŽǁŶĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƉĞŽƉůĞΖƐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌĞŶƚŝƌĞůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůŝƚLJƚƌĂŝƚƐ
hŶĚĞƌĞƐƚŝŵĂƚŝŶŐƚŚĞƉŽǁĞƌŽĨƐŽĐŝĂůŝŶĨůƵĞŶĐĞ
tŚĞŶǁĞƵŶĚĞƌĞƐƚŝŵĂƚĞƚŚĞƉŽǁĞƌŽĨƐŽĐŝĂůŝŶĨůƵĞŶĐĞ͕ǁĞŐĂŝŶĂĨĞĞůŝŶŐŽĨĨĂůƐĞƐĞĐƵƌŝƚLJ
WĂƌƚϮ͗^ŽĐŝĂůŽŐŶŝƚŝŽŶ
^ŽĐŝĂůĐŽŐŶŝƚŝŽŶŵŽƚŝǀĞ
ƚĂŬĞƐŝŶƚŽĂĐĐŽƵŶƚŚŽǁƉĞŽƉůĞƚŚŝŶŬĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ
tĞƚƌLJƚŽŐĂŝŶĂĐĐƵƌĂƚĞƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐƐƐŽǁĞĐĂŶŵĂŬĞĞĨĨĞĐƚŝǀĞũƵĚŐĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐ
ƵƚƚLJƉŝĐĂůůLJǁĞĂĐƚŽŶƚŚĞďĂƐŝƐŽĨŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞůLJĂŶĚŝŶĂĐĐƵƌĂƚĞůLJŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĞĚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶ
dŚĞƐŽĐŝĂůĐŽŐŶŝƚŝŽŶƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƚŝǀĞǀŝĞǁƐƉĞŽƉůĞĂƐΗĂŵĂƚĞƵƌƐůĞƵƚŚƐΗƚƌLJŝŶŐƚŽŐŝǀĞŵĞĂŶŝŶŐƚŽŽƵƌǁŽƌůĚ
,ŽǁƉĞŽƉůĞƚŚŝŶŬĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞƐŽĐŝĂůǁŽƌůĚ͖ŵŽƌĞƐƉĞĐŝĨŝĐĂůůLJ͕ŚŽǁƉĞŽƉůĞƐĞůĞĐƚ͕ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚ͕
ƌĞŵĞŵďĞƌ͕ĂŶĚƵƐĞƐŽĐŝĂůŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶƚŽŵĂŬĞũƵĚŐŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐ
dǁŽƚLJƉĞƐ͗
ƵƚŽŵĂƚŝĐƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ ͖ƋƵŝĐŬĂŶĚĂƵƚŽŵĂƚŝĐ tĞĞŬϭͲ^ŽĐŝĂůŽŐŶŝƚŝŽŶĂŶĚ^ŽĐŝĂů/ŶĨůƵĞŶĐĞ
^ĂƚƵƌĚĂLJ͕Ϯϴ:ƵůLJϮϬϭϴ ϱ͗ϮϰWD ŽŶƚƌŽůůĞĚƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ ͖ĞĨĨŽƌƚĨƵůĂŶĚĚĞůŝďĞƌĂƚĞ
/ĨĂƐĐŚĞŵĂŝƐƚƌŝŐŐĞƌĞĚďĞĨŽƌĞƚŚĞŵŽŵĞŶƚŽĨůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐƚŚĞŶƚŚĞůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŝƐďĞƚƚĞƌ͕ŵŽƌĞůŝŬĞůLJƚŽƌĞŵĞŵďĞƌ
ƵƚŽŵĂƚŝĐƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐŝƐƚŚŽƵŐŚƚƚŚĂƚŝƐŶŽŶĐŽŶƐĐŝŽƵƐ͕ƵŶŝŶƚĞŶƚŝŽŶĂů͕ŝŶǀŽůƵŶƚĂƌLJ͕ĂŶĚĞĨĨŽƌƚůĞƐƐ͘
WĞŽƉůĞƵƐĞƐĐŚĞŵĂƐĨŽƌĂƵƚŽŵĂƚŝĐƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ
DĞŶƚĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƉĞŽƉůĞƵƐĞƚŽŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞƚŚĞŝƌŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞƐŽĐŝĂůǁŽƌůĚĂƌŽƵŶĚƚŚĞŵĞƐŽƌ
ƐƵďũĞĐƚƐ
dŚĂƚŝŶĨůƵĞŶĐĞƚŚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶƉĞŽƉůĞŶŽƚŝĐĞ͕ƚŚŝŶŬĂďŽƵƚ͕ĂŶĚƌĞŵĞŵďĞƌ Ő͘zŽƵŚĂǀĞĂƐĐŚĞŵĂŽŶŚŽǁƚŽďĞŚĂǀĞŝŶĂůĞĐƚƵƌĞƚŚĞĂƚƌĞ
^ĐŚĞŵĂƐƵƐĞĚƚŽŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞǁŚĂƚǁĞŬŶŽǁĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚŶĞǁƐŝƚƵĂƚŝŽŶƐ
/ŵĂŐŝŶĞŝĨǁĞĐŽƵůĚŶŽƚƵƐĞƐĐŚĞŵĂΖƐĂŶĚŚĂĚƚŽĐŽŶƐĐŝŽƵƐůLJƚŚŝŶŬĂďŽƵƚĞǀĞƌLJƚŚŝŶŐ
,ŽǁĚŽǁĞĨŽƌŵĂŶŝŵƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶŽĨŽƚŚĞƌƉĞŽƉůĞ͍
/ŶĂĐůĂƐƐŝĐƐƚƵĚLJ͕^ŽůŽŵŽŶƐĐŚ;ϭϵϰϲͿĨŽƵŶĚƚŚĂƚƉĞŽƉůĞĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƐĞƚǁŽƐĞƚƐŽĨƚƌĂŝƚƐǁĞƌĞƉĞƌĐĞŝǀĞĚ
ǀĞƌLJĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚůLJ ͲƚŚĞΖǁĂƌŵΖƉĞƌƐŽŶǀĞƌLJƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞůLJĂŶĚƚŚĞΖĐŽůĚΖƉĞƌƐŽŶǀĞƌLJŶĞŐĂƚŝǀĞůLJ͘
dŚŝƐĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚŝƐŬŶŽǁŶĂƐƚŚĞŽŶĨŝŐƵƌĂůŵŽĚĞů
dŚĞĐŽůĚĂŶĚǁĂƌŵƚƌĂŝƚƐŚĂǀĞĂƐƚƌŽŶŐĞĨĨĞĐƚŽŶƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐƚƌĂŝƚƐ
dŚĞƐĞĂƌĞƚĞƌŵĞĚ EdZ>ƚƌĂŝƚƐďĞĐĂƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞŝƌŝŶĨůƵĞŶĐĞ
KƚŚĞƌƚƌĂŝƚƐĚŽŶŽƚŚĂǀĞƚŚĞƐĂŵĞƉŽǁĞƌ;ƉŽǁĞƌͬďůƵŶƚ ͲхƉĞƌŝƉŚĞƌĂůƚƌĂŝƚƐͿ
dƌĂŝƚƐǁŚŝĐŚĂƉƉĞĂƌĨŝƌƐƚŚĂǀĞŵŽƌĞŝŵƉĂĐƚŝŶĨŝŶĂů
/ŵƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶ;ƉƌŝŵĂĐLJĞĨĨĞĐƚͿ
^ƚĞƌĞŽƚLJƉĞƐ
ĐůƵƐƚĞƌŽĨĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƚŝĐƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĂƚƚƌŝďƵƚĞĚƚŽŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨĂƐƉĞĐŝĨŝĐƐŽĐŝĂůŐƌŽƵƉŽƌĐĂƚĞŐŽƌLJ
ůůŽǁƐƵƐƚŽƐŝŵƉůŝĨLJƚŚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶĐŽŵŝŶŐŝŶ
ƚƚƌŝďƵƚŝŶŐĂƐƚĞƌĞŽƚLJƉŝĐĐĂƵƐĞĨŽƌĂŶŽƵƚĐŽŵĞŽƌĞǀĞŶƚĐĂŶďůŝŶĚƵƐƚŽƚŚĞƚƌƵĞĐĂƵƐĞƐŽĨĞǀĞŶƚƐ
KŶĐĞĨŽƌŵĞĚƚŚŽƵŐŚǁĞƐĞĞǁŚĂƚǁĞĞdžƉĞĐƚƚŽƐĞĞ͕ĚŝƐĐŽƵŶƚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶƚŚĂƚĐŽŶƚƌĂĚŝĐƚƐĂƐƚĞƌĞŽƚLJƉĞ
^ŽĐŝĂů^ĐŚĞŵĂƐ
ƐĐŚĞŵĂŝƐĂĐŽŐŶŝƚŝǀĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƚŚĂƚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĂďŽƵƚĂĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽƌƚLJƉĞŽĨƐƚŝŵƵůƵƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĂůůŽǁƐ
ƵƐƚŽƋƵŝĐŬůLJŵĂŬĞƐĞŶƐĞŽĨĂƉĞƌƐŽŶŽƌƐŝƚƵĂƚŝŽŶ͘
ͻ^ĐƌŝƉƚсĂƐĐŚĞŵĂĂďŽƵƚĂŶĞǀĞŶƚ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ƌĞƐƚĂƵƌĂŶƚͿ
ͻ^ƚĞƌĞŽƚLJƉĞсĂǁŝĚĞůLJƐŚĂƌĞĚƐĐŚĞŵĂĂďŽƵƚĂƐŽĐŝĂůŐƌŽƵƉ
ͻ^ĐŚĞŵĂƐĂůůŽǁƚŽƉ ͲĚŽǁŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐ
ͻdLJƉĞƐŽĨ^ĐŚĞŵĂ͗
WĞƌƐŽŶƐĐŚĞŵĂ;ŝ͘ĞƚŚĞŝƌƌĂĐĞ͕ƚŚĞLJŚĂǀĞƚĂƚƚŽŽƐͿ
ŽŶƚĞŶƚĨƌĞĞƐĐŚĞŵĂ;ĂƐƉĞĐƚƐŽĨŽƵƌůŝǀĞƐƚŚĂƚǁĞƚƌLJƚŽƉƵƚƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌƚŽƚƌLJƚŽƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĚŽĞƐŶΖƚ
ŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌŝůLJƌĞůĂƚĞƚŽƌŽůĞƐŽƌƉĞŽƉůĞͿ
^ĞůĨƐĐŚĞŵĂ;ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ͲхŚŽǁLJŽƵƐĞĞLJŽƵƌƐĞůĨ͕ŝƐŝƚĂĐĐƵƌĂƚĞ͍Ϳ
ZŽůĞƐĐŚĞŵĂ;ƌŽůĞŝŶƐŽĐŝĞƚLJ͕ŝĞƐĐŝĞŶƚŝƐƚƐсƐŵĂƌƚͿ
^ĐƌŝƉƚ;ĞǀĞŶƚƐĐŚĞŵĂ͕ŚŽǁƚŽĂĐƚŝŶĂůĞĐƚƵƌĞ͕ƌĞƐƚĂƵƌĂŶƚ͕ĞƚĐ͘zŽƵŚĂǀĞĂƐĐƌŝƉƚLJŽƵƌĞůĂƚĞƚŽͿ
ͻĐĐĞƐƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ͗dŚĞĞdžƚĞŶƚƚŽǁŚŝĐŚƐĐŚĞŵĂƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐĂƌĞĂƚƚŚĞĨŽƌĞĨƌŽŶƚŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞ͛ƐŵŝŶĚƐĂŶĚĂƌĞ
ƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞůŝŬĞůLJƚŽďĞƵƐĞĚǁŚĞŶŵĂŬŝŶŐũƵĚŐŵĞŶƚƐĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞƐŽĐŝĂůǁŽƌůĚ͘
ͻ^ĐŚĞŵĂƐĐĂŶďĞĐŽŵĞĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŚƌĞĞƌĞĂƐŽŶƐ͗
ŚƌŽŶŝĐĂůůLJĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞĚƵĞƚŽƉĂƐƚĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ
ĞĐĂƵƐĞŝƚŝƐƌĞůĂƚĞĚƚŽĂĐƵƌƌĞŶƚŐŽĂů
dĞŵƉŽƌĂƌŝůLJĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞĚƵĞƚŽƌĞĐĞŶƚĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞƐ ͲхƉƌŝŵĞƐ
ͻdŚŽƵŐŚƚƐŚĂǀĞƚŽďĞďŽƚŚĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞĂŶĚĂƉƉůŝĐĂďůĞďĞĨŽƌĞƚŚĞLJǁŝůůĂĐƚĂƐ ƉƌŝŵĞƐ͕ĞdžĞƌƚŝŶŐĂŶŝŶĨůƵĞŶĐĞŽŶ
ŽƵƌŝŵƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐŽĐŝĂůǁŽƌůĚ͘
WƌŝŵŝŶŐ
dŚĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐďLJǁŚŝĐŚƌĞĐĞŶƚĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƐĐŚĞŵĂ͕ƚƌĂŝƚ͕ŽƌĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ ^ƵƉƉŽƐĞLJŽƵƌĞĂĚĂďŽƵƚĂŵĂŶǁŚŽƐĞĂĐƚŝŽŶƐĂƌĞĂŵďŝŐƵŽƵƐ
ŽƵůĚďĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĞĚĂƐƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞŽƌŶĞŐĂƚŝǀĞ
WĞŽƉůĞǁŚŽƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐůLJŵĞŵŽƌŝnjĞǁŽƌĚƐůŝŬĞĂĚǀĞŶƚƵƌŽƵƐ͕ƐĞůĨ ͲĐŽŶĨŝĚĞŶƚ͕ŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚ͕ĂŶĚƉĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶƚ
ĨŽƌŵĞĚƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞŝŵƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶƐ
WĞŽƉůĞƉƌŝŵĞĚǁŝƚŚǁŽƌĚƐůŝŬĞƌĞĐŬůĞƐƐĐŽŶĐĞŝƚĞĚ͕ĂůŽŽĨ͕ĂŶĚƐƚƵďďŽƌŶĨŽƌŵĞĚŶĞŐĂƚŝǀĞŝŵƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶƐ
WƌŝŵŝŶŐŝƐĂŐŽŽĚĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨĂƵƚŽŵĂƚŝĐƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐďĞĐĂƵƐĞŝƚŽĐĐƵƌƐƋƵŝĐŬůLJ͕ƵŶŝŶƚĞŶƚŝŽŶĂůůLJ͕ĂŶĚƵŶĐŽŶƐĐŝŽƵƐůLJ͘
^ĞůĨͲĨƵůĨŝůůŝŶŐƉƌŽƉŚĞĐLJ
tŚĞƌĞǁĞŚĂǀĞĂŶĞdžƉĞĐƚĂƚŝŽŶĂďŽƵƚŽƚŚĞƌƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝŶĨůƵĞŶĐĞƐŚŽǁǁĞĂĐƚƚŽǁĂƌĚƐƚŚĞŵ͕ĐĂƵƐĞƐƚŚĞŵƚŽ
ďĞŚĂǀĞĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚůLJǁŝƚŚŽƵƌĞdžƉĞĐƚĂƚŝŽŶƐ͕ƚŚƵƐŵĂŬŝŶŐƚŚĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĂƚŝŽŶƐĐŽŵĞƚƌƵĞ
dLJƉĞƐŽĨĂƵƚŽŵĂƚŝĐƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞƐĞǀĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵƐŽĨĂƵƚŽŵĂƚŝĐƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐƚŚĂƚŚĞůƉƐƵƐŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚƚŚĞƐŽĐŝĂůǁŽƌůĚĂŶĚŵĂŬĞĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐ͕
ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌŝůLJŝŶƚĞŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĚŽƐŽ ͲхŵĞŶƚĂůƐŚŽƌƚĐƵƚƐ
ƵƚŽŵĂƚŝĐŐŽĂůƉƵƌƐƵŝƚ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ƉƌŝŵŝŶŐǁŝƚŚƌĞůŝŐŝŽƵƐǁŽƌĚƐсхŵŽƌĞŐĞŶĞƌŽƵƐͿ
ƵƚŽŵĂƚŝĐĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶŵĂŬŝŶŐ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ĐŚŽŽƐŝŶŐƚŚĞďĞƐƚĂƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚͿ
ƵƚŽŵĂƚŝĐƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐĂŶĚŵĞƚĂƉŚŽƌƐĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞďŽĚLJĂŶĚŵŝŶĚ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ƐŵĞůůŝŶŐƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐĐůĞĂŶсхŵŽƌĞ
ƚƌƵƐƚŝŶŐƐƚƌĂŶŐĞƌƐͿ
,ĞƵƌŝƐƚŝĐƐ;ĐŽŐŶŝƚŝǀĞƐŚŽƌƚĐƵƚƐͿ ͲƐŚŽƌƚĐƵƚƐƚŽŵĂŬĞũƵĚŐĞŵĞŶƚƐĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚĂƌŽƵŶĚƵƐ͕ƌƵůĞƐŽĨƚŚƵŵď
ďĂƐĞĚŽŶƉĂƐƚĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞƐ;ĞŐ͘ĞĨĂƵůƚŽƵƚĨŝƚƐ͕ĨĂǀŽƵƌŝƚĞĨŽŽĚƐŝŶƐƚĞĂĚŽĨŶĞǁĨŽŽĚƐͿ
ǀĂŝůĂďŝůŝƚLJŚĞƵƌŝƐƚŝĐ;ũƵĚŐĞŵĞŶƚƐŵĂĚĞďĂƐĞĚŽŶŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶǁĞŚĂǀĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ ͲхǀŝŽůĞŶƚǁŽƌůĚďƵƚŶŽƚ
ĂĐƚƵĂůůLJͿ
ZĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚŝǀĞŶĞƐƐŚĞƵƌŝƐƚŝĐ;ďĞůŝĞǀĞĂŶŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĐĂƐĞƐŝƐŵŽƌĞƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚŝǀĞƚŚĂŶŝƚĂĐƚƵĂůůLJŝƐ͕ĞŐ͘
dĞƐƚƐƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞĨŽƌƌĂƌĞĚŝƐĞĂƐĞďƵƚϭŝŶϭϬƚĞƐƚƐĂƌĞǁƌŽŶŐͿ;ŚŽǁǁĞƐĞĞƐŽŵĞďŽĚLJ͕ŚŽǁŝƚƐƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚ
ŵĂLJĐŚĂŶŐĞŽƵƌŽƉŝŶŝŽŶͿ
ŶĐŚŽƌŝŶŐ;ƵƐŝŶŐƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƉŽŝŶƚƐƚŽƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚǁŚĂƚŝƐŐŽŝŶŐŽŶͿ
ŶĂůLJƚŝĐƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐƐƚLJůĞ
ƚLJƉĞŽĨƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƉĞŽƉůĞĨŽĐƵƐŽŶƚŚĞƉƌŽƉĞƌƚŝĞƐŽĨŽďũĞĐƚƐǁŝƚŚŽƵƚĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŝŶŐƚŚĞŝƌ
ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ͖ƚŚŝƐƚLJƉĞŽĨƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐŝƐĐŽŵŵŽŶŝŶtĞƐƚĞƌŶĐƵůƚƵƌĞƐ͘
,ŽůŝƐƚŝĐdŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ^ƚLJůĞ
ƚLJƉĞŽĨƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƉĞŽƉůĞĨŽĐƵƐŽŶƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ͕ƉĂƌƚŝĐƵůĂƌůLJƚŚĞǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚŽďũĞĐƚƐ
ƌĞůĂƚĞƚŽĞĂĐŚŽƚŚĞƌ͖ƚŚŝƐƚLJƉĞŽĨƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐŝƐĐŽŵŵŽŶŝŶ ĂƐƚƐŝĂŶĐƵůƚƵƌĞƐ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ŚŝŶĂ͕:ĂƉĂŶ͕ĂŶĚ<ŽƌĞĂͿ͘
ŽŶƚƌŽůůĞĚƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ ŝƐƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐƚŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶƐĐŝŽƵƐ͕ŝŶƚĞŶƚŝŽŶĂů͕ǀŽůƵŶƚĂƌLJ͕ĂŶĚĞĨĨŽƌƚĨƵů͘
tŽƌŬŝŶŐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶ
ŽŶƚƌŽůůĞĚdŚŝŶŬŝŶŐĂŶĚ&ƌĞĞtŝůů;Ğ͘Ő͕͘/ǁĂŶƚŝĐĞĐƌĞĂŵ͖ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞĚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƚŝŽŶͿ ʹ
^ŽŵĞƚŝŵĞƐǁĞŽǀĞƌ ͲŽƌƵŶĚĞƌĞƐƚŝŵĂƚĞŽƵƌĐŽŶƚƌŽů͘dŚĞŵŽƌĞƉĞŽƉůĞďĞůŝĞǀĞŝŶĨƌĞĞǁŝůů͕ƚŚĞŵŽƌĞƚŚĞLJ
ŚĞůƉĂŶĚƚŚĞůĞƐƐƚŚĞLJĐŚĞĂƚ͘
DĞŶƚĂůůLJƵŶĚŽŝŶŐƚŚĞƉĂƐƚ͗ĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĨĂĐƚƵĂůƌĞĂƐŽŶŝŶŐ;ŝ͘Ğ͕͘ŵĞŶƚĂůůLJĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐƐŽŵĞĂƐƉĞĐƚŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƐƚĂƐĂǁĂLJŽĨ
ŝŵĂŐŝŶŝŶŐǁŚĂƚŵŝŐŚƚŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶͿ͘
dŚĞĞĂƐŝĞƌƚŽŵĞŶƚĂůůLJƵŶĚŽĂŶŽƵƚĐŽŵĞ͕ƚŚĞƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌƚŚĞĞŵŽƚŝŽŶĂůƌĞĂĐƚŝŽŶ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ĚĞĂƚŚŽĨĂĨĂŵŝůLJ
ŵĞŵďĞƌ͕ƐŝůǀĞƌŵĞĚĂů͕ƌƵŵŝŶĂƚŝŽŶĐĂŶůĞĂĚƚŽĚĞƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶͿ
WĂƌƚϯ͗^ŽĐŝĂů/ŶĨůƵĞŶĐĞ
ŽŶĨŽƌŵŝƚLJŝŶĨůƵĞŶĐŝŶŐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌ
ϭ͘tŚĂƚŝƐĐŽŶĨŽƌŵŝƚLJ͕ĂŶĚǁŚLJĚŽĞƐŝƚŽĐĐƵƌ͍
Ϯ͘,ŽǁĚŽĞƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶĂůƐŽĐŝĂůŝŶĨůƵĞŶĐĞŵŽƚŝǀĂƚĞƉĞŽƉůĞƚŽĐŽŶĨŽƌŵ͍
ϯ͘,ŽǁĚŽĞƐŶŽƌŵĂƚŝǀĞƐŽĐŝĂůŝŶĨůƵĞŶĐĞŵŽƚŝǀĂƚĞƉĞŽƉůĞƚŽĐŽŶĨŽƌŵ͍
ϰ͘,ŽǁĐĂŶƉĞŽƉůĞƵƐĞƚŚĞŝƌŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞŽĨƐŽĐŝĂůŝŶĨůƵĞŶĐĞƚŽŝŶĨůƵĞŶĐĞŽƚŚĞƌƐ͍
ϱ͘tŚĂƚŚĂǀĞƐƚƵĚŝĞƐĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĚĂďŽƵƚƉĞŽƉůĞ͛ƐǁŝůůŝŶŐŶĞƐƐƚŽŽďĞLJĂƵƚŚŽƌŝƚLJĨŝŐƵƌĞƐ͍ ŽŶĨŽƌŵŝƚLJĂŶĚ^ŽĐŝĂů/ŶĨůƵĞŶĐĞ
ƌĞǁĞŶŽŶĐŽŶĨŽƌŵŝŶŐĐƌĞĂƚƵƌĞƐ͍
ƌĞŽƵƌĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐ
ůǁĂLJƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶǁŚĂƚǁĞƚŚŝŶŬ͍
ŽǁĞƐŽŵĞƚŝŵĞƐƵƐĞŽƚŚĞƌƉĞŽƉůĞ͛ƐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌƚŽŚĞůƉƵƐĚĞĐŝĚĞ͍
ŽǁĞŵĂŬĞŽƵƌŽǁŶĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐŽƌĂƌĞǁĞŝŶĨůƵĞŶĐĞĚďLJŽƚŚĞƌƐ͍
ŽŶĨŽƌŵŝƚLJ
ĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶŽŶĞ͛ƐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌĚƵĞƚŽƚŚĞƌĞĂůŽƌŝŵĂŐŝŶĞĚŝŶĨůƵĞŶĐĞŽĨŽƚŚĞƌƉĞŽƉůĞ
dŚĞŶĞĞĚƚŽŬŶŽǁǁŚĂƚŝƐΗƌŝŐŚƚΗ
,ŽǁƐŚŽƵůĚLJŽƵĂĚĚƌĞƐƐLJŽƵƌ>ĞĐƚƵƌĞƌ͍
ŽLJŽƵĐƵƚĂƉŝĞĐĞŽĨƐƵƐŚŝŽƌĞĂƚŝƚǁŚŽůĞ͍
ŝĚƚŚĞƐĐƌĞĂŵLJŽƵũƵƐƚŚĞĂƌĚŝŶƚŚĞŚĂůůǁĂLJĐŽŵĞĨƌŽŵĂƉĞƌƐŽŶũŽŬŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĨƌŝĞŶĚƐŽƌĨƌŽŵĂŵƵŐŐŝŶŐ͍
/ŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶĂů^ŽĐŝĂů/ŶĨůƵĞŶĐĞ͕ǁĞĐŽŶĨŽƌŵďĞĐĂƵƐĞ͗
^ĞĞŽƚŚĞƌƐĂƐĂƐŽƵƌĐĞŽĨŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶƚŽŐƵŝĚĞŽƵƌďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌ͘ż
ĞůŝĞǀĞƚŚĂƚŽƚŚĞƌƐ͛ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƚŝŽŶŽĨĂŶĂŵďŝŐƵŽƵƐƐŝƚƵĂƚŝŽŶŝƐŵŽƌĞĐŽƌƌĞĐƚƚŚĂŶŽƵƌƐĂŶĚǁŝůůŚĞůƉ
ƵƐĐŚŽŽƐĞĂŶĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞŽĨĂĐƚŝŽŶ͘żƒ
KŶĞ'ƌŽƵƉ͛Ɛ:ƵĚŐŵĞŶƚƐŝŶ^ŚĞƌŝĨ͛Ɛ;ϭϵϯϲͿƵƚŽŬŝŶĞƚŝĐ^ƚƵĚŝĞƐ
WĞŽƉůĞĞƐƚŝŵĂƚĞĚŚŽǁĨĂƌĂƉŽŝŶƚŽĨůŝŐŚƚĂƉƉĞĂƌĞĚƚŽŵŽǀĞŝŶĂĚĂƌŬƌŽŽŵ͘tŚĞŶƚŚĞLJƐĂǁƚŚĞůŝŐŚƚďLJ
ƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐ͕ƚŚĞŝƌĞƐƚŝŵĂƚĞƐǀĂƌŝĞĚǁŝĚĞůLJ͘
tŚĞŶƚŚĞLJǁĞƌĞďƌŽƵŐŚƚƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌŝŶŐƌŽƵƉƐĂŶĚŚĞĂƌĚŽƚŚĞƌƉĞŽƉůĞĂŶŶŽƵŶĐĞƚŚĞŝƌĞƐƚŝŵĂƚĞƐ͕ƉĞŽƉůĞ
ĐŽŶĨŽƌŵĞĚƚŽƚŚĞŐƌŽƵƉ͛ƐĞƐƚŝŵĂƚĞŽĨŚŽǁŵƵĐŚƚŚĞůŝŐŚƚŵŽǀĞĚ͕ĂĚũƵƐƚŝŶŐƚŚĞŝƌƉƌŝǀĂƚĞďĞůŝĞĨƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶƚŚĞ
ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶŽƚŚĞƌŐƌŽƵƉŵĞŵďĞƌƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚ͘;ĚĂƉƚĞĚĨƌŽŵ^ŚĞƌŝĨ͕ϭϵϯϲͿ
ĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽƌŽŵƉůŝĂŶĐĞ
WƌŝǀĂƚĞĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞ͗
ʹŽŶĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƚŽŽƚŚĞƌƉĞŽƉůĞ͛ƐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌŽƵƚŽĨĂŐĞŶƵŝŶĞďĞůŝĞĨƚŚĂƚǁŚĂƚƚŚĞLJĂƌĞĚŽŝŶŐŽƌƐĂLJŝŶŐŝƐƌŝŐŚƚ
ʹ/ŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶĂůƐŽĐŝĂůŝŶĨůƵĞŶĐĞŽĨƚĞŶƌĞƐƵůƚƐŝŶƉƌŝǀĂƚĞĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞ͊
WƵďůŝĐŽŵƉůŝĂŶĐĞ͗
ʹŽŶĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƚŽŽƚŚĞƌƉĞŽƉůĞ͛ƐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌƉƵďůŝĐůLJǁŝƚŚŽƵƚŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌŝůLJďĞůŝĞǀŝŶŐŝŶǁŚĂƚǁĞĂƌĞĚŽŝŶŐŽƌƐĂLJŝŶŐ
^ŚĞƌŝĨ͛Ɛ^ƚƵĚLJ ʹWƵďůŝĐĐŽŵƉůŝĂŶĐĞŽƌƉƌŝǀĂƚĞĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞ͍
ʹ^ƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƐƵŐŐĞƐƚĞĚƉƌŝǀĂƚĞĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞ;ǁĞƐƚĂƌƚƚŽďĞůŝĞǀĞŝŶǁŚĂƚƐĂŝĚĂƐĂŐƌŽƵƉͿ
dŚĞ/ŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĞŝŶŐĐĐƵƌĂƚĞ Ͳх/ŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶĂůƐŽĐŝĂůŝŶĨůƵĞŶĐĞĂĨĨĞĐƚĞĚďLJŚŽǁŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŝƚŝƐƚŽŵĂŬĞĂŶ
ĂĐĐƵƌĂƚĞũƵĚŐŵĞŶƚ LJĞǁŝƚŶĞƐƐĐŽŶĨŽƌŵŝƚLJǁŚĞŶƉŝĐŬŝŶŐ͞ƉĞƌƉĞƚƌĂƚŽƌƐ͟ŽƵƚŽĨƉŽůŝĐĞůŝŶĞƵƉƐ
DĂŶŝƉƵůĂƚĞĚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƚĂƐŬ
,ŝŐŚͲŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ͗ džƉĞĐƚƚŽƌĞĐĞŝǀĞΨϮϬĨŽƌĂĐĐƵƌĂƚĞŝĚĞŶƚŝĨŝĐĂƚŝŽŶ͕ƵƐĞĚƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƌĞĂůƚĂƐŬ
>ŽǁͲŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ͗:ƵƐƚĂŶŽƚŚĞƌW^zĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚ ʹŽŶĨĞĚĞƌĂƚĞƐŐĂǀĞŝŶĐŽƌƌĞĐƚĂŶƐǁĞƌƐ
^ŽĐŝĂů/ŶĨůƵĞŶĐĞƐtŚĞŶsŝĞǁŝŶŐĂ>ŝŶĞƵƉ ǀĞŶĨŽƌũƵĚŐŵĞŶƚƐŽĨƚŚĞƵƚŵŽƐƚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ ͶƐƵĐŚĂƐǁŚĞŶĂŶĞLJĞǁŝƚŶĞƐƐƚŽĂĐƌŝŵĞůĂƚĞƌƚƌŝĞƐƚŽ
ŝĚĞŶƚŝĨLJƚŚĞĐƵůƉƌŝƚ ͶŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶĂůƐŽĐŝĂůŝŶĨůƵĞŶĐĞŝŶĨůƵĞŶĐĞƐŽƵƌƉĞƌĐĞƉƚŝŽŶƐ͘
KƌƐŽŶtĞůůĞƐ͕ƌĞŶŽǁŶĞĚĂĐƚŽƌĂŶĚĚŝƌĞĐƚŽƌ͕ǁŚŽƐĞtĂƌŽĨƚŚĞtŽƌůĚƐƌĂĚŝŽďƌŽĂĚĐĂƐƚŝŶϭϵϯϴƐƉĂƌŬĞĚĂƉƵďůŝĐ
ƐĐĂƌĞƚŚĂƚƐƉƌĞĂĚ͕ŝŶůĂƌŐĞƉĂƌƚĚƵĞƚŽŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶĂůƐŽĐŝĂůŝŶĨůƵĞŶĐĞ͘/ƚƐŽƵŶĚĞĚůŝŬĞĂƌĞĂůďƌŽĂĚĐĂƐƚн
ĂŵďŝŐƵŽƵƐƐŝƚƵĂƚŝŽŶ͘
tŚĞŶ/ŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶĂůŽŶĨŽƌŵŝƚLJĂĐŬĨŝƌĞƐ
ŽŶƚĂŐŝŽŶ ʹdŚĞƌĂƉŝĚƐƉƌĞĂĚŽĨĞŵŽƚŝŽŶƐŽƌďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĂĐƌŽǁĚ
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