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4 Unit I Nursing Within the Context of Contemporary Health Care

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4 Unit I Nursing Within the Context of Contemporary Health Care

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  • March 13, 2024
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  • 2023/2024
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  • 4 Unit I Nursing Within the Context of Contemporar
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By: docwayne5 • 3 months ago

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Bestnursesteve
F.Philosophy
1.Culturally determined system of beliefs, concepts,
theories, or convictions.
2.Influences one’s health practices (e.g., Jehovah’s
Witnesses do not accept blood transfusions, and
Catholics do not accept abortion).
G.Stress/Stressor
1.Any physical, physiological, or psychological agent
or condition that can cause imbalance in the body.
2.Can be internal (e.g., disease, anxiety, fear) or external (e.g., heat or cold, death of a loved one, an accident).
3.Can be positive (e.g., wedding ceremony, promo-
tion at work) or negative (e.g., loss of a job, death
of a loved one).
4.Types of stressors.
a. Situational: Illness, accident, natural disaster.
b. Developmental: Puberty, retirement, menopause.
c. Physiologic: Genetic errors, vitamin deficiencies.
d. Chemical: Medications, acids, bases.
e. Physical: Incision, noise, extremes of environ-
mental temperature, blunt trauma.
f. Microbiological: Bacteria, viruses, fungi.
g. Psychosociocultural: Excessive expectations
regarding work, financial status, family dynamics.
H.Adaptation
1.Change that occurs in response to a stimulus
(stressor).
2.Results from an ongoing effort to sustain internal
and external balance.
3.Involves activation of voluntary and involuntary
coping mechanisms to manage a stressor.
I.Adaptive Capacity
1.Physiological capability of a person to reestablish
or sustain equilibrium.
2.Psychological capability of a person to reestablish
or sustain equilibrium.
II.Theories of Nursing
Nursing theories identify and describe interrelated con-
cepts that influence the practice of nursing. They provide
a knowledge base that is broadly applicable to the variety
of situations confronted by nurses. Each theory is unique,
but they all include the patient as the focus of the theory.
A.Care Deficit Theory of Nursing —Dorothea Orem
1.Self-care is a purposeful learned behavior in response to a need.
2.Four concepts.
a. Self-care: Self-initiated activities that a person
performs to maintain life, health, and well-being.
b. Self-care agency: An individual’s ability to engage in self-care based on developmental
level, experiences, and available resources.c. Therapeutic self-care demand: Comprehensive
self-care actions required to meet personal self-
care requisites.
d. Self-care requisites: Actions directed to meeting
universal needs common to all people, such as air, water, food, elimination, activity, rest,
solitude/social interactions, safety, and promotion of human function.
3.Nursing implications.
a. Promotes nursing care, such as acting, doing
for, guiding, teaching, supporting, and provid-
ing a supportive milieu that increases patients’
self-care abilities.
b. Increases patients’ self-care activities to maintain
life, health, and well-being.
B.Cultural Care Diversity and Universality Theory —
Madeleine Leininger
1.Transcultural care is a central and uniting feature
of nursing.
2.Focuses on cultural care that addresses
a. Preservation: Activities that help a patient
maintain health.
b. Accommodation: Activities that promote ways
a patient adapts to and negotiates adjustments
to health.
c. Repatterning: Activities that help a patient reconstruct life patterns to promote health.
3.Nursing implications.
a. Requires nurses to view nursing as a transcul-
tural care profession.
b. Requires nurses to provide culture-specific care
that assists patients to achieve and maintain
health.
C.Human Caring Theory —Jean Watson
1.Care should be based on values of concern, kind-
ness, love of self and others, and respect for the
spiritual domain.
2.Explains that nursing is an interpersonal process.
3.Ten factors: The first three factors relate to the science of caring, and the rest relate to a focus of
nursing practice.
a. Forming values.
b. Instilling faith and hope.
c. Cultivating sensitivity to self and others.
d. Developing a helping-trusting relationship.
e. Promoting and accepting expression of positive
and negative feelings.
f. Using problem-solving for caring processes.
g. Promoting transpersonal teaching and learning.
h. Providing supportive, protective, or corrective
mental, physical, sociocultural, and spiritual
environments.
i. Assisting with meeting needs while preserving
dignity and wholeness.4Unit I Nursing Within the Context of Contemporary Health Care3706_Ch01_001-018 08/10/13 4:16 PM Page 4

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